J Fail. Anal. and Preven. (2012)12: 267-272 Table 2 Comparison between coupled method and sole FEM, and sole SPH methods Methods Number of elements Number of SPh Results CPU FEM model Sole sph model Coupled model 19,242 4.950 352 836 The results in MPa are the equivalent stresses of the node at the impact point under normal impact Meanwhile, Yi Gong also appreciate the help fron Shaofan Li's research group in Department of Civil Engineering at University of California, Berkele e Short- term International Exchange programme fund fo Students of Fudan universit Refere I. Gong, Y, Yang, Z.G., Yuan, J Z: Failure analysis of leakage on titanium tubes within heat exchangers in a nuclear power plant. Part II. Mechanical degradation. Mater. Corros. 63, 18-28(2012) 2. Gong, Y Zhong, J, Yang, Z.G.: Failure analysis of bursting on Mater.Des.31,4258-4268(2010) 3. Wood, R.J. K: The sand erosion performance of coatings. Mater. Des.20,179-191(1999 4. Hutchings, I M. Particle erosion of ductile metals: a mechanism of material removal. Wear 27, 121-128(1974) 5. Hutchings, I.M.: Ductile-brittle transitions and wear maps for the rosion and abrasion of brittle materials. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 25,A212-A22l(199 6. Barkoula N.M. Kocsis. J : Review the solid le erosion of polymers an heir composites. J Mater. Sci. 37, 3807-3820(2002) 7. Shimizu, K. et al.: FEM analysis of the dependency on impact angle during erosive wear. Wear 233-235, 157-159(1999 8. Chen, Q, Li, D.Y.: Computer simulation of solid particle erosion. ear254.203-210(2003 9. Zouar, B, Touratier, M. Simulation of organic coating removal wear253,488-497(200 10. Har, J, Fulton, R.E.: A parallel finite element procedure for Fig 6 Plastic strain of the area:(a)from FEM; (b)from contact-impact problems. Eng Comput. 19, 67-84(2003) coupled method(sole SPH meth I1. Griffin, D, Daadbin, A. Datta, S: The dew f a three. dimensional finite element model for solid pa oslon on an alumina scale/MA956 substrate. Wear 256 (2004) Conclusions 12. Aquaro, D: Erosion due to the impact of solid particles of materials resistant at high temperature. Meccanica 41, 539-551 (1)A coupled model with both FEM and MM was utilized to analyze the high-velocity impact on metal 13. Nguyen, V.P., Rabczuk, T, Bordas, S, Duflot, M: Meshless substrate pipe with polymer coating, effectively a review and computer implementation aspects. Math Simulat.79,763-813(2008) avoiding the mesh distortion and tangling problems 14. Rabczuk, T, Belytschko, T: Cracking particles: a simplified in sole fem simulation meshfree method for arbitrary evolving cracks. Int J. Num methods eng.61,2316-2343(2004) (2) Two impact angles of 90 and 45 were, respec- 15. Rabczuk, T, Belytschko, T: A three-dimensional large defor- tively, applied via this coupled model to compare their influences on energy evolutions, surface mor- ation meshfree method for arbitrary evolving cracks. Comput. Method Appl.M196,2777-279902007) stresses distributions 17. Zeng. X W. Li. S.F.: A multiscale cohesive zone model and Acknowledgments This study was supported by the Shanghai mulations of fracture. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 199, Leading Academic Discipline Project (Project Number: B113 7-556(2010) SpringConclusions (1) A coupled model with both FEM and MM was utilized to analyze the high-velocity impact on metal substrate pipe with polymer coating, effectively avoiding the mesh distortion and tangling problems in sole FEM simulation. (2) Two impact angles of 90 and 45 were, respec￾tively, applied via this coupled model to compare their influences on energy evolutions, surface mor￾phologic transformations, and shear and residual stresses distributions. Acknowledgments This study was supported by the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (Project Number: B113). Meanwhile, Yi Gong also appreciate the help from Professor Shaofan Li’s research group in Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at University of California, Berkeley under the Short￾term International Exchange Programme Fund for Doctoral Students of Fudan University. References 1. Gong, Y., Yang, Z.G., Yuan, J.Z.: Failure analysis of leakage on titanium tubes within heat exchangers in a nuclear power plant. Part II. Mechanical degradation. Mater. Corros. 63, 18–28 (2012) 2. Gong, Y., Zhong, J., Yang, Z.G.: Failure analysis of bursting on the inner pipe of a jacketed pipe in a tubular heat exchanger. Mater. Des. 31, 4258–4268 (2010) 3. Wood, R.J.K.: The sand erosion performance of coatings. Mater. Des. 20, 179–191 (1999) 4. Hutchings, I.M.: Particle erosion of ductile metals: a mechanism of material removal. Wear 27, 121–128 (1974) 5. Hutchings, I.M.: Ductile-brittle transitions and wear maps for the erosion and abrasion of brittle materials. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 25, A212–A221 (1992) 6. Barkoula, N.M., Karger-Kocsis, J.: Review processes and influ￾encing parameters of the solid particle erosion of polymers and their composites. J. Mater. Sci. 37, 3807–3820 (2002) 7. Shimizu, K., et al.: FEM analysis of the dependency on impact angle during erosive wear. Wear 233–235, 157–159 (1999) 8. Chen, Q., Li, D.Y.: Computer simulation of solid particle erosion. Wear 254, 203–210 (2003) 9. Zouari, B., Touratier, M.: Simulation of organic coating removal by particle impact. Wear 253, 488–497 (2002) 10. Har, J., Fulton, R.E.: A parallel finite element procedure for contact-impact problems. Eng. Comput. 19, 67–84 (2003) 11. Griffin, D., Daadbin, A., Datta, S.: The development of a three￾dimensional finite element model for solid particle erosion on an alumina scale/MA956 substrate. Wear 256, 900–906 (2004) 12. Aquaro, D.: Erosion due to the impact of solid particles of materials resistant at high temperature. Meccanica 41, 539–551 (2006) 13. Nguyen, V.P., Rabczuk, T., Bordas, S., Duflot, M.: Meshless methods: a review and computer implementation aspects. Math. Comput. Simulat. 79, 763–813 (2008) 14. Rabczuk, T., Belytschko, T.: Cracking particles: a simplified meshfree method for arbitrary evolving cracks. Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 61, 2316–2343 (2004) 15. Rabczuk, T., Belytschko, T.: A three-dimensional large defor￾mation meshfree method for arbitrary evolving cracks. Comput. Method Appl. M 196, 2777–2799 (2007) 16. Rabczuk, T., Gracie, R., Song, J.H., Belytschko, T.: Immersed particle method for fluid–structure interaction. Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 81, 48–71 (2010) 17. Zeng, X.W., Li, S.F.: A multiscale cohesive zone model and simulations of fracture. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 199, 547–556 (2010) Table 2 Comparison between coupled method and sole FEM, and sole SPH methods Methods Number of elements Number of SPH Resultsa , MPa CPU time, s FEM model 24,192 … 340 242 Sole SPH model … 24,192 354 2,334 Coupled model 19,242 4,950 352 836 a The results in MPa are the equivalent stresses of the node at the impact point under normal impact Fig. 6 Plastic strain of the impacted area: (a) from FEM; (b) from coupled method (sole SPH method was same) J Fail. Anal. and Preven. (2012) 12:267–272 271 123