point-to-point systems to multipoint metropolitan end user. In this connection we will observe with great networks and to broadband access the new ulh interest the evolution of new network architectures capabilities promise to enable all-optical networks. the growth of 10-Gb Ethernet, and the fiber-to-the Worldwide R&D efforts are exploring the networking home projects in Korea and Japan flexibility provided by the new WDM dimension. An example is the 5-year, DARPA-led MoNET program References conducted by AT&T, Bellcore, Bell Atlantic, Bell 1 C. Fan and L. Clark, Opt. Photon. News, South, Lucent, PacTel, and other RBOCs. Their goal vol.6,pp26-32.(1995) was to explore the realization of a seamless, fully 2 N.S. Bergano, Optical Fiber Telecom IVB, p. 154 configurable, all-optical regional and national network 1. P. Kaminow and T Li eds, Academic(2002) infrastructure. Many new R&D programs have 3 H Kogelnik, Proc. ECOC 1996, paper MoA. 2.2 sprouted from MONET and its counterparts 4 H. Onaka, et al, Proc. OFC 1996, paper PD19 the design of scalable optical routers with throughput 6 T Morioka, et al, Proc. OFC 1996, paper PD, o example being the new IRIS program. This explores 5 A H. Gnauck, et al, Proc. OFC 1996, paper PD2 of more than 100 Tb/s using photonic integrated 7 K Fukuchi, et al, Proc. OFC 2001, paper PD24 circuits with a high level of integration and new 8 S Bigo, et al, Proc. OFC 2001, paper PD25 rchitectural ideas such as load balancing 9 R.C. Alferness, et al, in The Optics Encyclopedia pp2119-2135,Wey,(2004) 10 H. Kogelnik, IEEE J. Select. Topics in Quantum Conclusions and Outlook Electronics, vol 6, pp 1279-1286(2000) The R&D community in optical fiber communication 11 A. H. Gnauck, et al, Proc. OFC 2002, paper has achieved much in the past and advanced the FC-2 technological capabilities by orders of magnitude. It 12 AA M. Saleh, Proc. OFC 1996, paper Thl3 can be truly proud of these accomplishments. Many 13 M. Zimgibl, Stanford Workshop on Load Balancing challenges remain, including the extension of Mav.2004 broadband capabilities from the core network to the 14 H. Shinohara, Proc. OFC 2004, paper ThW2 Table1: Commercial Transmission Systems Wave. c Bit rate/ Bit ratel Voice System Year channels length channel spans FT3 1980082um 45 Mb/s 45 Mb/s 672 7 kr FT3C 1983082m 90 Mb/s90 Mb/s 13447km FTG417198513m1417Mbs417Mbs 604850km FTG-1.7 198713m 1.7Gb/s1.7Gb/s 2419250km FTG-1.7 WDM198Q.3/1. 21.7Gb/s3.4 Gb/s 48,38450km FT2000 199213m 2.5 Gb/s 2.5 Gb/s 3225650km FT2000WDM19921.3/155 2 2.5 Gb/s 5 Gb/s NGLN 1995155pm825Gbs20Gb/s 258.000 1997155um1625Gbs40Gb/s 516.000360km 1999155m 802.5Gb/s200Gb/s2.580000640km 10Gb/s|400Gb/ 20001.55 8010Gb800Gbs10,320000640km Wave Star 2001155m16010Gbs16Tb/s20640000640km 12810Gb/s128Tb/s16.5120004000km LambdaXtreme 2003 1.55 um 64 40 Gb/s 2.56 Tbls,024,000 1000 knpoint-to-point systems to multipoint metropolitan networks and to broadband access.9 The new ULH capabilities promise to enable all-optical networks. Worldwide R&D efforts are exploring the networking flexibility provided by the new WDM dimension. An example is the 5-year, DARPA-led MONET program conducted by AT&T, Bellcore, Bell Atlantic, Bell South, Lucent, PacTel, and other RBOCs. Their goal was to explore the realization of a seamless, fully configurable, all-optical regional and national network infrastructure.12 Many new R&D programs have sprouted from MONET and its counterparts, an example being the new IRIS program. This explores the design of scalable optical routers with throughput of more than 100 Tb/s using photonic integrated circuits with a high level of integration and new architectural ideas such as load balancing.13 Conclusions and Outlook The R&D community in optical fiber communication has achieved much in the past and advanced the technological capabilities by orders of magnitude. It can be truly proud of these accomplishments. Many challenges remain, including the extension of broadband capabilities from the core network to the end user. In this connection we will observe with great interest the evolution of new network architectures, the growth of 10-Gb Ethernet, and the fiber-to-the￾home projects in Korea and Japan.14 References 1 C. Fan and L. Clark, Opt. & Photon. News, vol.6, pp 26-32, (1995). 2 N. S. Bergano, Optical Fiber Telecom IVB, p. 154 I. P. Kaminow and T. Li eds., Academic (2002). 3 H. Kogelnik, Proc. ECOC 1996, paper MoA.2.2 4 H. Onaka, et al, Proc. OFC 1996, paper PD19 5 A. H. Gnauck, et al, Proc. OFC 1996, paper PD20 6 T. Morioka, et al, Proc. OFC 1996, paper PD21 7 K. Fukuchi, et al, Proc. OFC 2001, paper PD24 8 S. Bigo, et al, Proc. OFC 2001, paper PD25 9 R.C. Alferness, et al, in The Optics Encyclopedia, pp 2119-2135, Wiley, (2004). 10 H. Kogelnik, IEEE J. Select. Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol. 6, pp 1279-1286 (2000). 11 A. H. Gnauck, et al, Proc. OFC 2002, paper FC-2. 12 A. A. M. Saleh, Proc. OFC 1996, paper ThI3. 13 M. Zirngibl, Stanford Workshop on Load Balancing May, 2004. 14 H. Shinohara, Proc. OFC 2004, paper ThW2. Table1: Commercial Transmission Systems System Year Wave￾length WDM chan￾nels Bit rate/ channel Bit rate/ Fiber Voice channels per fiber Regen spans FT3 1980 0.82 µm 1 45 Mb/s 45 Mb/s 672 7 km FT3C 1983 0.82 µm 1 90 Mb/s 90 Mb/s 1,344 7 km FTG-417 1985 1.3 µm 1 417 Mb/s 417 Mb/s 6,048 50 km FTG-1.7 1987 1.3 µm 1 1.7 Gb/s 1.7 Gb/s 24,192 50 km FTG-1.7 WDM 1989 1.3/1.55 µm 2 1.7 Gb/s 3.4 Gb/s 48,384 50 km FT-2000 1992 1.3 µm 1 2.5 Gb/s 2.5 Gb/s 32,256 50 km FT-2000 WDM 1992 1.3/1.55 µm 2 2.5 Gb/s 5 Gb/s 64,120 50 km NGLN 1995 1.55 µm 8 2.5 Gb/s 20 Gb/s 258,000 360 km NGLN II 1997 1.55 µm 16 2.5 Gb/s 40 Gb/s 516,000 360 km WaveStarTM 400G 1999 1.55 µm 80 40 2.5 Gb/s 10 Gb/s 200 Gb/s 400 Gb/s 2,580,000 5,160,000 640 km 640 km WaveStarTM 800G 2000 1.55 µm 80 10 Gb/s 800 Gb/s 10,320,000 640 km WaveStarTM 1.6T 2001 1.55 µm 160 10 Gb/s 1.6 Tb/s 20,640,000 640 km LambdaXtreme 2003 1.55 µm 128 64 10 Gb/s 40 Gb/s 1.28 Tb/s 2.56 Tb/s 16,512,000 33,024,000 4000 km 1000 km