(产品价值)(2) What is an acceptable product quality?(产品质量)(3) Where the product in each process stream?(产物在生产过程中出现的位置) (4) Where are the impurities in each process stream?(杂质在生产过程中出现的 位置 (5 What are the unusual physicochemical properties of the product and the principal Impurities?(主要杂质独特的物化性质是什么?) (6) What are the economics of various alternative separations?(不同分离方法的技 术经济比较) Careful consideration of these questions can provide clues that will lead to optimal processes for the recovery of products of adequate quality coupled with high recovery and minimum effort.(上述问题的考虑将有助于优质、高效产物分离过程的优化) 六、生物分离的一般步骤 From our experience, we find that most bioseparations have four similar steps (生物分离一般分四步) 1、不溶物的去除(固液分离) Removal of insolubles filtration, centrifugation, cell disruption(necessary when the desired product is intracellular) Relatively little product concentration or improvement of product quality occurs (提高产物浓度和质量) 2、杂质粗分(浓缩) dsorption- ion-exchang(离子交换吸附) extraction(萃取) solvent extraction (溶剂萃取) reversed micelle extraction(反微团萃取) supercritical fluid extraction(超临界流体萃取)（产品价值）（2）What is an acceptable product quality?（产品质量）（3）Where is the product in each process stream?（产物在生产过程中出现的位置） （4）Where are the impurities in each process stream?（杂质在生产过程中出现的 位置） （5）What are the unusual physicochemical properties of the product and the principal impurities?（主要杂质独特的物化性质是什么？） （6）What are the economics of various alternative separations?（不同分离方法的技 术经济比较） Careful consideration of these questions can provide clues that will lead to optimal processes for the recovery of products of adequate quality coupled with high recovery and minimum effort. （上述问题的考虑将有助于优质、高效产物分离过程的优化） 六、生物分离的一般步骤 From our experience, we find that most bioseparations have four similar steps: （生物分离一般分四步） 1、不溶物的去除（固液分离）Removal of insolubles filtration、centrifugation、cell disruption (necessary when the desired product is intracellular.) Relatively little product concentration or improvement of product quality occurs. （提高产物浓度和质量） 2、杂质粗分（浓缩） adsorption - ion-exchang（离子交换吸附）extraction（萃取）solvent extraction （溶剂萃取）reversed micelle extraction（反微团萃取） supercritical fluid extraction（超临界流体萃取）