2015/9/16 Plate Moving Plate Moving Flg-13 Fault Fg.1.2 Tech Fault ty in2015/9/16 2 • Collisions between adjacent lithospheric plates, • destruction of the slab-like plate, • spreading along mid-oceanic ridges 7 Plate Moving 2015/9/16 Haibei XIONG College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University 8 Plate Moving Fig.1.3 Continued drift of the Indian plate towards Asian plate causes major Himalayan earthquakes 2015/9/16 熊海贝 同济大学 xionghaibei@tongji.edu.cn 9 Fig.1.2 Tectonic plate and world-wide distribution of earthquakes Earthquake Occurred Don’t look at me like that…, It’s not my fault! 2015/9/16 Haibei XIONG College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University 10 Fault In geology, a fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock, across which there has been significant displacement along the fractures as a result of earth movement. Large faults within the Earth's crust result from the action of plate tectonic forces. Fracture: interrupt, break, or destroy Crust: the outer layer of the Earth Tectonic: relation to the structure or movement of the earth's crust 2015/9/16 Haibei XIONG College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University 11 Fault Fig.1.3 Sketch of the earth’s crust 2015/9/16 熊海贝 同济大学 xionghaibei@tongji.edu.cn 12 • Field observations show that abrupt changes in the structure of rocks are common. • Such offsets of geological structure are called faults. • Faults are causes rather than results of earthquakes