3.4.Ease with integrating into the existing fuel system Another advantage of bioethanol is the ease with which it can be easily integrated into the existing road transport fuel system.In quantities up to 5%,bioethanol can be blended with conventional fuel without the need of engine modifications.Bioethanol is produced using familiar methods,such as fermentation,and it can be distributed using the same petrol forecourts and transportation systems as before5] 4.Trends on Bioethanol 4.1.A general overview[6] Almost every major countries in this world have launched their own program of bioethanol fuel(Table 2). Country Feedstock Percentage of ethanol Remarks in gasoline blends,%(v/v) Brazil Sugar cane 24 ProAlcool program;hydrous ethanol is also used as fuel instead of gasoline USA Corn 10 Oxygenation of gasoline is mandatory in dirtiest cities;tax incentives;some states have banned MTBE:85%blends are also available Canada Corn,wheat,barley 7.510 Tax incentives;provincial programs aimed to meet Kyoto Protocol Colombia Sugar cane 10 Began in November 2005;total tax exemption Spain Wheat,barley Ethanol is used for ETBE production;direct gasoline blending is possible France Sugar beet,wheat,corn Ethanol is used for ETBE production;direct gasoline blending is possible Sweden Wheat 5 85%blends are also available;there is no ETBE production China Corn,wheat Trial use of fuel ethanol in central and north-eastern regions India Sugar cane 5 Ethanol blends are mandatory in 9 states Thailand Cassava,sugar cane,rice 10 All gasoline stations in Bangkok must sell ethanol blends:ethanol blends will be mandatory from 2007 Table 2.Fuel ethonal programs in some countries.Adapted from "Trends in biotechnological production of fuel ethanol from different feedstocks."by Sanchez,Oj,and C.Cardona,2008,Bioresource Technology 99.13:5270. Obviously,bioethanol fuel has attracted a great deal of interests for almost all of the major powers in the world.And3.4. Ease with integrating into the existing fuel system Another advantage of bioethanol is the ease with which it can be easily integrated into the existing road transport fuel system. In quantities up to 5%, bioethanol can be blended with conventional fuel without the need of engine modifications. Bioethanol is produced using familiar methods, such as fermentation, and it can be distributed using the same petrol forecourts and transportation systems as before.[5] 4. Trends on Bioethanol 4.1. A general overview[6] Almost every major countries in this world have launched their own program of bioethanol fuel (Table 2). Table 2. Fuel ethonal programs in some countries. Adapted from "Trends in biotechnological production of fuel ethanol from different feedstocks." by Sanchez, Oj, and C. Cardona, 2008, Bioresource Technology 99.13:5270. Obviously, bioethanol fuel has attracted a great deal of interests for almost all of the major powers in the world. And