vIll Contents 13.5 Sandwich structures: hybrids of type 2 13.6 Lattices: hybrids of type 3 363 13.7 Segmented structures: hybrids of type 4 371 13. 8 Summary and conclusions 376 13.9 Further reading 376 14 Hybrid case studies 379 14.1 Introduction and synopsis 380 14.2 Designing metal matrix composites 14.3 Refrigerator walls 14.4 Connectors that do not relax their grip 14.5 Extreme combinations of thermal and electrical conduction 386 14.6 Materials for microwave-transparent enclosures 389 14.7 Exploiting anisotropy: heat spreading surfaces 391 14.8 The mechanical efficiency of natural materials 14.9 Further reading: natural materials 15 Information and knowledge sources for design 15.1 Introduction and synopsis 15.2 Information for materials and processes 403 15.3 Screening information: structure and sources 15.4 Supporting information: structure and sources 15.5 Ways of checking and 411 15.6 Summary and conclusions 415 15.7 Further reading 416 16 Materials and the environment 417 16.1 Introduction and synopsis 418 16.2 The material life cycle 418 16.3 Material and energy-consuming systems 16. 4 The eco-attributes of materials 422 16.5 Eco-selection 16.6 Case studies: drink containers and crash barriers 16.7 Summary and conclusions 435 16.8 Further reading 17 Materials and industrial design 17.1 Introduction and synopsis 17. 2 The requirements pyramid 17.3 Product character 442 17.4 Using materials and processes to create product personality nd conclusions 17.6 Further reading 18 Forces for change 18.1 Introduction and synopsis 18.2 Market-pull and science-push 18.3 Growing population and wealth, and market saturation 46413.5 Sandwich structures: hybrids of type 2 358 13.6 Lattices: hybrids of type 3 363 13.7 Segmented structures: hybrids of type 4 371 13.8 Summary and conclusions 376 13.9 Further reading 376 14 Hybrid case studies 379 14.1 Introduction and synopsis 380 14.2 Designing metal matrix composites 380 14.3 Refrigerator walls 382 14.4 Connectors that do not relax their grip 384 14.5 Extreme combinations of thermal and electrical conduction 386 14.6 Materials for microwave-transparent enclosures 389 14.7 Exploiting anisotropy: heat spreading surfaces 391 14.8 The mechanical efficiency of natural materials 393 14.9 Further reading: natural materials 399 15 Information and knowledge sources for design 401 15.1 Introduction and synopsis 402 15.2 Information for materials and processes 403 15.3 Screening information: structure and sources 407 15.4 Supporting information: structure and sources 409 15.5 Ways of checking and estimating data 411 15.6 Summary and conclusions 415 15.7 Further reading 416 16 Materials and the environment 417 16.1 Introduction and synopsis 418 16.2 The material life cycle 418 16.3 Material and energy-consuming systems 419 16.4 The eco-attributes of materials 422 16.5 Eco-selection 427 16.6 Case studies: drink containers and crash barriers 433 16.7 Summary and conclusions 435 16.8 Further reading 436 17 Materials and industrial design 439 17.1 Introduction and synopsis 440 17.2 The requirements pyramid 440 17.3 Product character 442 17.4 Using materials and processes to create product personality 445 17.5 Summary and conclusions 454 17.6 Further reading 455 18 Forces for change 457 18.1 Introduction and synopsis 458 18.2 Market-pull and science-push 458 18.3 Growing population and wealth, and market saturation 464 viii Contents