INTELLIGENCE IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN FROM VERY LOW INCOME FAMILIES 627 xamining disadvantaged children. Sixty-five chi- PPVt (overall mean standard score, 82. 02) who, were predominantly of Mexican origin, was substantially lower than the mean for were tested in Spanish. Since the equivalence of th Spanish and English versions of the PPvt was ne ormative samples determined, data from children tested in spanish The low PPvt standard scores are con- were analyzed separately from data of children sistent with the poor performance on verbal tested in Englis Draw-A-Man instructions were used for the figure- lower class and minority group families drawing test. Data on sexual identification will (Deutsch, 1965). The low DAP standard be reported in a later paper, Bliss and Berger(1954) scores were to some extent unexpected. Prev have concluded that the two forms of the test yield ous studies have indicated that at least four substantially the same results. Unless, the drawing relatively disadvantaged groups have achieved was identified as a woman by the child, ambigua figures were scored by the Goodenough-Harris crl- mean standard scores of about 100 eria for drawings of men(Harris, 1963). Of the DAP. Such means were reported for white 956 drawings, 239 were not izable figures and Negro kindergarten children in New (Class A), iit were scored by Draw-- Woman York City public schools(Vane&Kessler eria. Interrate among the four scorers 1964), for white and Negro 5-year-old chil ranged 89-.99 of 14-50 drawings. ( For dren in a New York City day care center a detailed report of sampling, selection, and testing (Anastasi D'angelo, 1952), and for a cedures,see Commins, Cort, Henderson, representative sample of 300 Negro first D'Keefe 1967.) grade children from southeastern states(Ken RESULTS AND DISCUSSION nedy Lindner, 1964). Bowers and Giles (1966)found an increase in DAP Mean standard scores socioeconomic status increased among 6-to The DAP and PPVT raw scores were con- 12-year-old children in Evanston, Illinois, but verted to standard scores the mean standard the mean daP standard scores for the lowest score at each age is set at 100 for the norma- socioeconomic groups, regardless of sex or age, tive samples for both tests, Table 1 shows were about 10 that regardless of age, sex, or ethnic group, The norms for younger children on the the average performance on both the DAP DAP are not geographically and economically (overall mean standard score, 77.22)and the representative of the national population at TABLE 1 DAP, PPVT, AND PSI CORRELATIONS BY SEX, ETHNIC GROUP, AND AGE IN A SAMPLE OF 956 PRESCHOOL CHILDREN ENROLLED IN PROJECT HEAD START M standard score Raw-score correlation PPVT DAP P/ DAP/ PPVT PPVT PSI PSI 95660382027022 Sex, ethnic groupb Boys, wl 273 6571.8 8001 8432 ,4 87 76 8302 79.53 57INTELLIGENCE IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN FROM VERY Low INCOME FAMILIES 627 in examining disadvantaged children. Sixty-five chil￾dren, who were predominantly of Mexican origin, were tested in Spanish. Since the equivalence of the Spanish and English versions of the PPVT was not determined, data from children tested in Spanish were analyzed separately from data of children tested in English. Draw-A-Person (Machover, 1948) rather than Draw-A-Man instructions were used for the figure￾drawing test. Data on sexual identification will be reported in a later paper. Bliss and Berger (19S4) have concluded that the two forms of the test yield substantially the same results. Unless the drawing was identified as a woman by the child, ambiguous figures were scored by the Goodenough-Harris cri￾teria for drawings of men (Harris, 1963). Of the 956 drawings, 239 were not recognizable figures (Class A), 111 were scored by Draw-A-Woman criteria, and 606 were scored by Draw-A-Man cri￾teria. Interrater reliabilities among the four scorers ranged .S9-.99 for samples of 14-50 drawings. (For a detailed report of sampling, selection, and testing procedures, see Commins, Cort, Henderson, & O'Keefe, 1967.) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Mean Standard Scores The DAP and PPVT raw scores were con￾verted to standard scores; the mean standard score at each age is set at 100 for the norma￾tive samples for both tests. Table 1 shows that regardless of age, sex, or ethnic group, the average performance on both the DAP (overall mean standard score, 77.22) and the PPVT (overall mean standard score, 82.02) was substantially lower than the mean for the normative samples. The low PPVT standard scores are con￾sistent with the poor performance on verbal tasks frequently reported for children from lower class and minority group families (Deutsch, 196S). The low DAP standard scores were to some extent unexpected. Previ￾ous studies have indicated that at least four relatively disadvantaged groups have achieved mean standard scores of about 100 on the DAP. Such means were reported for white and Negro kindergarten children in New York City public schools (Vane & Kessler, 1964), for white and Negro S-year-old chil￾dren in a New York City day care center (Anastasi & D'Angelo, 1952), and for a representative sample of 300 Negro first￾grade children from southeastern states (Ken￾nedy & Lindner, 1964). Bowers and Giles (1966) found an increase in DAP scores as socioeconomic status increased among 6- to 12-year-old children in Evanston, Illinois, but the mean DAP standard scores for the lowest socioeconomic groups, regardless of sex or age, were about 100. The norms for younger children on the DAP are not geographically and economically representative of the national population at TABLE 1 DAP, PPVT, AND PSI CORRELATIONS BY SEX, ETHNIC GROUP, AND AGE IN A SAMPLE OF 956 PRESCHOOL CHILDREN ENROLLED IN PROJECT HEAD START Group Total Sex, ethnic groupb Boys, white Boys, Negro Girls, white Girls, Negro Spanish-speaking Age* 3 4 5 6 N 956 188 273 166 264 65 n 397 335 87 M age0 60.3 63.3 56.4 62.1 58.2 71.8 44.1 54.9 63.8 76.0 M standard score PPVT 82.02 89.26 80.64 85.18 79.32 69.77 80.01 82.23 84.32 83.02 DAP 77.22 76.57 76.02 78.14 77.45 80.66 76.76 78.76 74.21 79.53 Raw-score correlation DAP/ PPVT .46 .40 .52 .51 .44 .53 .38 .22 .31 .52 DAP/ PSI .56 .51 .56 .60 .54 .60 .39 .26 .44 .57 PPVT/ PSI .73 .69 .72 .77 .65 .72 .48 .69 .62 .80 * In months. >> Includes only children tested.in English; too few children were tested in Spanish to compute data for sex and age subgroups