CONTENTS 3 Video Coding Concepts 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Video COdEc 3.3 Temporal Model 3.3.1 Prediction from the previous video frame 3.3.2 Changes due to motion 80002 3.3 Block-based Motion Estimation and Compensation 3.3.4 Motion Compensated Prediction of a Macroblock 3.3.5 Motion Compensation Block Size 3.3.6 Sub-pixel Motion Compensation 3.3.7 Region-based Motion Con 3.4 Image model 3.4.1 Predictive Image Coding 3. 4.2 Transform Coding 4.3 Quantisation 3.4.4 Reordering and zero encoding 3.5 Entropy Code 3.5.1 Predictive Coding 3.5.2 Variable-length Coding 662 3.5.3 Arithmetic Odin 3.6 The Hybrid DPCM/DCT Video CODEC Mode 3.7 Conclusions 3. 8 References 4 The MPeg-4 and h.264 Standards 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Developing the Standards 4.2.1 ISO MPEg 4.2.2 ITU-T VCEG 4.2.3JT 4.2.4 Development History 4.2.5 Deciding the Content of the Standards 4.3 Using the standards 4.3.1 What the Standards Cove 4.3.2 Decoding the standards 6888880092 4.3.3 Conforming to the standards 4.4 Overview of mPeg-4 Visual/Part 2 4.5 Overview of h. 264/ MPeg-4 Part 10 4.6 Comparison of MPEG-4 Visual and H. 264 4.7 Related Standards 4.7.1 JPEG and JPEG2000 95 4.7.2 MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 4.7.3H26 I andh263 96 4.7. 4 Other Parts of MPEg-4 4. 8 Conclusions•viii CONTENTS 3 Video Coding Concepts 27 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Video CODEC 28 3.3 Temporal Model 30 3.3.1 Prediction from the Previous Video Frame 30 3.3.2 Changes due to Motion 30 3.3.3 Block-based Motion Estimation and Compensation 32 3.3.4 Motion Compensated Prediction of a Macroblock 33 3.3.5 Motion Compensation Block Size 34 3.3.6 Sub-pixel Motion Compensation 37 3.3.7 Region-based Motion Compensation 41 3.4 Image model 42 3.4.1 Predictive Image Coding 44 3.4.2 Transform Coding 45 3.4.3 Quantisation 51 3.4.4 Reordering and Zero Encoding 56 3.5 Entropy Coder 61 3.5.1 Predictive Coding 61 3.5.2 Variable-length Coding 62 3.5.3 Arithmetic Coding 69 3.6 The Hybrid DPCM/DCT Video CODEC Model 72 3.7 Conclusions 82 3.8 References 83 4 The MPEG-4 and H.264 Standards 85 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Developing the Standards 85 4.2.1 ISO MPEG 86 4.2.2 ITU-T VCEG 87 4.2.3 JVT 87 4.2.4 Development History 88 4.2.5 Deciding the Content of the Standards 88 4.3 Using the Standards 89 4.3.1 What the Standards Cover 90 4.3.2 Decoding the Standards 90 4.3.3 Conforming to the Standards 91 4.4 Overview of MPEG-4 Visual/Part 2 92 4.5 Overview of H.264 / MPEG-4 Part 10 93 4.6 Comparison of MPEG-4 Visual and H.264 94 4.7 Related Standards 95 4.7.1 JPEG and JPEG2000 95 4.7.2 MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 95 4.7.3 H.261 and H.263 96 4.7.4 Other Parts of MPEG-4 97 4.8 Conclusions 97 4.9 References 98