Contents Preface xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Evolution of engineering materials 1 1.2 Fiber composite materials 1 1.3 Why composites? 10 1.3.1 Economic aspect 10 1.3.2 Technological aspect 12 1.4 Trends and opportunities 17 1.5 Microstructure-performance relationships 19 1.5.1 Versatility in performance 20 1.5.2 Tailoring of performance 22 1.5.3 Intelligent composites 1.6 Concluding remarks 26 2 Thermoelastic behavior of laminated composites 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Elastic behavior of a composite lamina 30 2.2.1 Elastic constants 30 2.2.2 Constitutive relations 33 2.3 Elastic behavior of a composite laminate 39 2.3.1 Classical composite lamination theory 39 2.3.2 Geometrical arrangements of laminae 44 2.4 Thick laminates 46 2.4.1 Three-dimensional constitutive relations of a composite lamina 46 2.4.2 Constitutive relations of thick laminated composites 48 2.5 Thermal and hygroscopic behavior 54 2.5.1 Basic equations 55 2.5.1.1 Constitutive relations 55 2.5.1.2 Thermal and moisture diffusion equations 61 2.5.2 Hygroscopic behavior 62 2.5.2.1 Moisture concentration functions 62 2.5.2.2 Hygroscopic stress field 65Contents Preface xvii 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Introduction Evolution of engineering materials Fiber composite materials Why composites? 1.3.1 Economic aspect 1.3.2 Technological aspect Trends and opportunities Microstructure-performance relationships 1.5.1 Versatility in performance 1.5.2 Tailoring of performance 1.5.3 Intelligent composites Concluding remarks Thermoelastic behavior of laminated composites Introduction Elastic behavior of a composite lamina 2.2.1 Elastic constants 2.2.2 Constitutive relations Elastic behavior of a composite laminate 2.3.1 Classical composite lamination theory 2.3.2 Geometrical arrangements of laminae Thick laminates 1 1 1 10 10 12 17 19 20 22 24 26 29 29 30 30 33 39 39 44 46 2.4.1 Three-dimensional constitutive relations of a composite lamina 46 2.4.2 Constitutive relations of thick laminated composites 48 2.5 Thermal and hygroscopic behavior 54 2.5.1 Basic equations 55 2.5.1.1 Constitutive relations 55 2.5.1.2 Thermal and moisture diffusion equations 61 2.5.2 Hygroscopic behavior 62 2.5.2.1 Moisture concentration functions 62 2.5.2.2 Hygroscopic stress field 65