Building and Environment 70(2013)31-47 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Building and Environment ELSEVIER journal homepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/buildenv A critical review of observation studies,modeling,and simulation of CrossMark adaptive occupant behaviors in offices H.Burak Gunay,William O'Brien,Ian Beausoleil-Morrison b Carleton University,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering.Canada Carleton Universiry.Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering.Canada ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Occupants'behaviors account for significant uncertainty in building energy use.A better understanding Received 2 June 2013 of occupant behaviors is needed in order to manage this uncertainty;as such many studies have been Received in revised form dedicated to this topic.The current paper reviewed the research on adaptive occupant behaviors by 25July2013 sorting it into three categories.The first group encompasses all observational studies.The second group Accepted 31 July 2013 includes modeling studies.The third group incorporates the simulation studies.The current paper Keywords: presents the methodologies used in these studies,discusses the limitations associated with their application,and develops recommendations for future work.Generalized linear models-in particular Adaptive occupant behaviors Behavioral modeling logistic regression models-were found to be appropriate for modeling occupant behavior.Reversal of Occupant control of indoor environment adaptive behaviors (e.g.window closing)was modeled with deadband models or survival models Review Occupant models were typically simulated as discrete-time Markov processes.It was concluded that with appropriate selection of building geometry and materials and occupant-predicting control strategies. impact of occupant behaviors on the building performance can be reduced. 2013 Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved. 1.Introduction affected if they have less control over their environment [8.12]. CIBSE [13]and ASHRAE [14]acknowledge this by including adap- Building Performance Simulation(BPS)based design,despite its tive comfort models for naturally ventilated buildings.Occupants potential for significant improvements in energy use and indoor can also adapt their personal characteristics such as adjusting their environment,has often been undermined by predictions that do typical beverage temperatures,location,posture,activity and not fully represent actual performance [1,2.Some of these dis- clothing levels.These personal adaptive behaviors can be restricted crepancies can be attributed to deviations from standard weather with social factors such as workplace dress codes however,even in data [3],modeling and simulation simplifications [4],occupancy the most sealed and fully conditioned buildings there are some profiles [5-7].unanticipated control behavior,and material/work- adaptive opportunities. manship related uncertainties.However,the uncertainty intro- Adaptive actions,aside from their impact on perceived comfort, duced by occupant behaviors are undeniable[8.9. often have significant impacts on energy use.Therefore,building Occupants adapt their environment and personal characteristics designers should foresee these occupant-use related impacts on to achieve their comfort in ways that are convenient to them rather energy consumption and incorporate them into design.However. than being necessarily energy-conserving [2,10.11].Environmental building designers tend to make static assumptions about occupant adjustments may involve decisions such as window/door opening, behavior,whereas field studies have indicated that occupants may blind/shade positioning,light switch on/off,carpet/hardwood floor act in unexpected ways and respond to crises of discomfort [2.15] covering,fan on/off,and thermostat up/down.In a given building. For example,an occupant may add carpet or hardwood flooring on occupants may or may not be given control over these actions,but top of concrete in a passive solar house;failure to consider this it was reported that occupants'comfort perception is negatively action will lead to inaccurate BPS predictions16.A better un- derstanding of occupant behaviors(aside from being a promising way to test buildings with expected occupant actions during the Corresponding author.Carleton University,Department of Civil and Environ- mental Engineering.1125 Colonel by Drive.Ottawa,Ontario K1S 5B6.Canada. design stage)has been recently acknowledged as a promising way Tel:+16135202600x8037:fax:+16135203951. to operate buildings [16].Clarke et al.[16].Thrun [17],Claridge and E-mail address:Liam_OBrien@carleton.ca (W.O'Brien). Abushakra [18],Guillemin and Molteni [19,20]and Dong et al.[21] 0360-1323/$-see front matter 2013 Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved. http://dx.doiorg/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.07.020A critical review of observation studies, modeling, and simulation of adaptive occupant behaviors in offices H. Burak Gunay a , William O’Brien a,*, Ian Beausoleil-Morrison b a Carleton University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Canada b Carleton University, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Canada article info Article history: Received 2 June 2013 Received in revised form 25 July 2013 Accepted 31 July 2013 Keywords: Adaptive occupant behaviors Behavioral modeling Occupant control of indoor environment Review abstract Occupants’ behaviors account for significant uncertainty in building energy use. A better understanding of occupant behaviors is needed in order to manage this uncertainty; as such many studies have been dedicated to this topic. The current paper reviewed the research on adaptive occupant behaviors by sorting it into three categories. The first group encompasses all observational studies. The second group includes modeling studies. The third group incorporates the simulation studies. The current paper presents the methodologies used in these studies, discusses the limitations associated with their application, and develops recommendations for future work. Generalized linear models e in particular, logistic regression models e were found to be appropriate for modeling occupant behavior. Reversal of adaptive behaviors (e.g. window closing) was modeled with deadband models or survival models. Occupant models were typically simulated as discrete-time Markov processes. It was concluded that with appropriate selection of building geometry and materials and occupant-predicting control strategies, impact of occupant behaviors on the building performance can be reduced.
2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Building Performance Simulation (BPS) based design, despite its potential for significant improvements in energy use and indoor environment, has often been undermined by predictions that do not fully represent actual performance [1,2]. Some of these dis￾crepancies can be attributed to deviations from standard weather data [3], modeling and simulation simplifications [4], occupancy profiles [5e7], unanticipated control behavior, and material/work￾manship related uncertainties. However, the uncertainty intro￾duced by occupant behaviors are undeniable [8,9]. Occupants adapt their environment and personal characteristics to achieve their comfort in ways that are convenient to them rather than being necessarily energy-conserving [2,10,11]. Environmental adjustments may involve decisions such as window/door opening, blind/shade positioning, light switch on/off, carpet/hardwood floor covering, fan on/off, and thermostat up/down. In a given building, occupants may or may not be given control over these actions, but it was reported that occupants’ comfort perception is negatively affected if they have less control over their environment [8,12]. CIBSE [13] and ASHRAE [14] acknowledge this by including adap￾tive comfort models for naturally ventilated buildings. Occupants can also adapt their personal characteristics such as adjusting their typical beverage temperatures, location, posture, activity and clothing levels. These personal adaptive behaviors can be restricted with social factors such as workplace dress codes however, even in the most sealed and fully conditioned buildings there are some adaptive opportunities. Adaptive actions, aside from their impact on perceived comfort, often have significant impacts on energy use. Therefore, building designers should foresee these occupant-use related impacts on energy consumption and incorporate them into design. However, building designers tend to make static assumptions about occupant behavior, whereas field studies have indicated that occupants may act in unexpected ways and respond to crises of discomfort [2,15]. For example, an occupant may add carpet or hardwood flooring on top of concrete in a passive solar house; failure to consider this action will lead to inaccurate BPS predictions [16]. A better un￾derstanding of occupant behaviors (aside from being a promising way to test buildings with expected occupant actions during the design stage) has been recently acknowledged as a promising way to operate buildings [16]. Clarke et al. [16], Thrun [17], Claridge and Abushakra [18], Guillemin and Molteni [19,20] and Dong et al. [21] * Corresponding author. Carleton University, Department of Civil and Environ￾mental Engineering, 1125 Colonel by Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada. Tel.: þ1 613 520 2600x8037; fax: þ1 613 520 3951. E-mail address: Liam_OBrien@carleton.ca (W. O’Brien). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Building and Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/buildenv 0360-1323/$ e see front matter
2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.07.020 Building and Environment 70 (2013) 31e47