Preface infinitive:the root part of the verb (e.g.to learn,to analyze) ing form:the part of the verb that ends in-ing and that acts like a noun (e.g.learning,analyzing) link word,linker:words and expressions that connect phrases and sentences together (e.g.and,moreover,although,despite the fact that) manuscript:an unpublished written work that is going to be submitted for publication modal verb:verbs such as:can,may,might,could,would,should noun:words such as:a/the paper,a/the result,a/the sample paragraph:a series of one or more sentences,the last of which ends with a para- graph symbol ( passive:an impersonal way of using verbs,e.g.it was found that x =y rather than we found that x =y phrase:a series of words that make up part of a sentence redundancy:words and phrases that could be deleted because they add no value for the reader section:a principal part of a paper e.g.the Introduction,Results,Discussion sentence:a series of words ending with a period ( Use of initial capital letters The various section headings used throughout a paper have been given an initial capital letter(Abstract,Introduction,Methodology etc.).An example: In your discussion of the literature-here discussion is used in a general sentence, it could be replaced by a synonym,for instance,analysis In your Discussion you need to-here Discussion refers to the Discussion section of the paper. Tenses The following tenses are referred to in this book. FUTURE SIMPLE:we will study,he will study etc. PRESENT SIMPLE:we study,he studies etc. PRESENT CONTINUOUS:we are studying,he is studying etc PRESENT PERFECT:we have studied,he has studied etc. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:we have been studying,he has been studying etc. PAST SIMPLE:we studied,he studied etc.x Preface infinitive: the root part of the verb (e.g. to learn, to analyze) - ing form: the part of the verb that ends in – ing and that acts like a noun (e.g. learning, analyzing) link word, linker: words and expressions that connect phrases and sentences together (e.g. and, moreover, although, despite the fact that) manuscript: an unpublished written work that is going to be submitted for publication modal verb: verbs such as: can, may, might, could, would, should noun: words such as: a/the paper, a/the result, a/the sample paragraph: a series of one or more sentences, the last of which ends with a para￾graph symbol ( ¶ ) passive: an impersonal way of using verbs, e.g. it was found that x = y rather than we found that x = y phrase: a series of words that make up part of a sentence redundancy: words and phrases that could be deleted because they add no value for the reader section: a principal part of a paper e.g. the Introduction, Results, Discussion sentence: a series of words ending with a period ( . ) Use of initial capital letters The various section headings used throughout a paper have been given an initial capital letter (Abstract, Introduction, Methodology etc.). An example: In your discussion of the literature – here discussion is used in a general sentence, it could be replaced by a synonym, for instance, analysis In your Discussion you need to – here Discussion refers to the Discussion section of the paper. Tenses The following tenses are referred to in this book. future simple: we will study, he will study etc. present simple: we study, he studies etc. present continuous: we are studying, he is studying etc. present perfect: we have studied, he has studied etc. present perfect continuous: we have been studying, he has been studying etc. past simple: we studied, he studied etc