42 Fermentation and Biochemical Engineering Handbook The technologies include: (i) selection of a high yielding cell strain, (ii) screening of the optimum culture condition for metabolite production, (iii) addition of precursor metabolites, (iv) immobilized cell culture, and (v) differentiated tissue and/or organ culture. The productivity of various metabolites such as ginsenoside, anthraquinones, rosmarinic acid, shikonins ubiquinones, glutathione, tripdiolide, etc., reached or exceeded the amount produced by intact plants. To date, the production costs remain very high which is why most of the metabolites are still not produced on an industrial orpilot plant scale. Development oflarge scaleindustrial culture systems and techniques for plant cell, tissue, and organs, and the selection of the target metabolites are the chief prerequisites for the establishment of the industrial production of plant metabolites Culture Collection Intact Plant Breeding Genetic Engineering Cell Culture Organ Culture Clonal Plant mobilized Isolation and Purification of the Cell Culture Metabolites Useful Plant Metabolites Figure 17. The area of plant cell, tissue and organ cultures42 Fermentation and Biochemical Engineering Handbook The technologies include: (i) selection of a high yielding cell strain, (ii) screening of the optimum culture condition for metabolite production, (iii) addition of precursor metabolites, (iv) immobilized cell culture, and (v) differentiated tissue andor organ culture. The productivity of various metabolites such as ginsenoside, anthraquinones, rosmalinic acid, shikonins, ubiquinones, glutathione, tripdiolide, etc., reached or exceeded the amount produced by intact plants. To date, the production costs remain very high which is why most of the metabolites are still not produced on an industrial or pilot plant scale. Development oflarge scale industrial culture systems and techniques for plant cell, tissue, and organs, and the selection of the target metabolites are the chief prerequisites for the establishment of the industrial production of plant metabolites. I Culture Collection I I I Cell Culture Figure 17. The area of plant cell, tissue and organ cultures