a)Basic concepts:observation research,biased estimation. b)Key points:What are the problems of observational research:how to carry out observational research? 3)Questions and application Section 4 Quasi-Experimental Studies 1)Main Content a)The connotation and scope of Quasi-experimental research b)The implementation and pitfalls of quasi experimental research 2)Basic concepts and key points a)Basic concepts:quasi experimental research;difference-in-difference analysis;instrumental variable analysis;regression-discontinuity quasi experiment; b)Key points:The purpose of quasi experimental research,the design method of three kinds of quasi experimental research,and the applicability of quasi experimental research. 3)Questions and application Examples are given to illustrate the application of three kinds of quasi experimental research. c.Reflections and Application A researcher conducts a cross-sectional analysis of workers and finds a positive correlation between time spent on a computer at work and wages.The researcher concluded that computer use increases wages and advocates a policy of computer training for all children.What's wrong with this analysis? d.Teaching Method and Pedagogy Multimedia technologies and network platform will be used in the process of lectures.There are also some class discussions about related topics and cases Chapter 3 TOOLS OF NORMATIVE ANALYSIS a.Objectives and requirements 1)Master the basic principles of welfare economics 2)Grasp the realization conditions of Pareto optimalitya)Basic concepts: observation research, biased estimation. b)Key points: What are the problems of observational research: how to carry out observational research? 3) Questions and application Section 4 Quasi-Experimental Studies 1) Main Content a) The connotation and scope of Quasi-experimental research b) The implementation and pitfalls of quasi experimental research. 2) Basic concepts and key points a) Basic concepts: quasi experimental research; difference-in-difference analysis; instrumental variable analysis; regression-discontinuity quasi experiment; b) Key points: The purpose of quasi experimental research, the design method of three kinds of quasi experimental research, and the applicability of quasi experimental research. 3) Questions and application Examples are given to illustrate the application of three kinds of quasi experimental research. c.Reflections and Application A researcher conducts a cross-sectional analysis of workers and finds a positive correlation between time spent on a computer at work and wages. The researcher concluded that computer use increases wages and advocates a policy of computer training for all children. What's wrong with this analysis? d.Teaching Method and Pedagogy Multimedia technologies and network platform will be used in the process of lectures. There are also some class discussions about related topics and cases. Chapter 3 TOOLS OF NORMATIVE ANALYSIS a. Objectives and requirements 1) Master the basic principles of welfare economics 2) Grasp the realization conditions of Pareto optimality