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GLOSSARY tage, the nucleophile adds to the carbon that bears Alkaloid(Section 22.5): Amine that occurs naturally in plants. ing group. In the elimination stage, the leaving The name derives from the fact that such compound weak bases Alkane(Section 2. 1 ): Hydrocarbon in which all the bonds are single bonds. Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+? (Section 2.1): Hydrocarbon that contains a carbon-ea bon double bond (C=C); also known by the older name Alkoxide ion (Section 5.14): Conjugate base of an alcohol; a Alcohol (Section 4.2): Compound of the type roh Alcohol dehydrogenase(Section 15. 11): Enzyme in the liver Alkylamine(Section 22. 1 ) Amine in which the organic groups that catalyzes the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ke- ttached to nitrogen are alkyl groups Alkylation(Section 9.6): Reaction in which an alkyl group is Aldaric acid (Section 25. 19): Carbohydrate in which car- attached to some structural unit in a molecule boxylic acid functions are present at both ends of the chain Alkyl group (Section 2.10): Structural unit related to an alkane Aldaric acids are typically prepared by oxidation of aldoses by replacing one of the hydrogens by a potential point of at- tachment to some other atom or group. The general symbol Aldehyde( Sections 2.3 and 17. 1): Compound of the type for an alkyl group is r Alkyl halide (Section 4. 1): Compound of the type RX, in which is a halogen substituent(f, Cl Br. D). RCH Alkyloxonium ion (Section 4.6): Positive ion of the type Alditol (Section 25. 18): The polyol obtained on reduction of Alkyne (Section 2. 1 ): Hydrocarbon that contains a carbon-ear the carbonyl group of a carbohydrate. bon triple bond Aldol addition(Section 18.9): Nucleophilic addition of an Allene(Section 10.5): The compound CH2=C=CH dehyde or ketone enolate to the carbonyl group of an Allyl cation(Section 10.2): The carbocation aldehyde or a ketone. The most typical case involves two molecules of an aldehyde, and is usually catalyzed by CH=CHCH The carbocation is stabilized by delocalization of the T ctrons of the double bond. and th shared by the two CH, groups. Substituted analogs of allyl 2RCHCH RCH,CHCHR cation are calle Aldol condensation (Sections 18.9-+8.10): When an aldol ad- dition is carried out so that the B-hydroxy aldehyde or ke- Allylic rearrangement(Section 10.2): Functional group trans formation in which double-bond migration has converted product is described as arising by an aldol condensation one allylic structural unit to another, as in: R,C=CHCH,X-R,CCH=CH 2RCHCH RCH,CH=CR +H,O CH=o Aldonic acid (Section 25. 19): Carboxylic acid obtained by oxi- Amide (Sections 2.3 and 20. 1): Compound of the type RCNR2 ation of the aldehyde function of an aldose. Amine( Chapter 22): Molecule in which a nitrogen-containing Aldose (Section 25. 1): Carbohydrate that contains an aldehyde group of the type -NH2, -NHR, or-NR, is attached to carbonyl group in its open-chain form. an alkyl or aryl group Alicyclic (Section 2.12): Term describing an aliphatic cycl a-Amino acid (Section 27. 1 ): A carboxylic acid that contains tructural unit an amino group at the a-carbon atom a-Amino acids are Aliphatic (Section 2.1): Term applied to compounds that do not the building blocks of peptides and proteins. An a-amino contain benzene or benzene-like rings as structural units mally exists (Historically, aliphatic was used to describe compounds de- rived from fats and oils. RCHCO, Alkadiene (Section 10.5): Hydrocarbon that contains two arbon-earbon double bonds; commonly referred to as Forward Main Menu TOC Study Guide Toc Student OLCMHHE WebsiteGLOSSARY G-2 Alkaloid (Section 22.5): Amine that occurs naturally in plants. The name derives from the fact that such compounds are weak bases. Alkane (Section 2.1): Hydrocarbon in which all the bonds are single bonds. Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n2. Alkene (Section 2.1): Hydrocarbon that contains a carbon—carbon double bond (CœC); also known by the older name olefin. Alkoxide ion (Section 5.14): Conjugate base of an alcohol; a species of the type . Alkylamine (Section 22.1): Amine in which the organic groups attached to nitrogen are alkyl groups. Alkylation (Section 9.6): Reaction in which an alkyl group is attached to some structural unit in a molecule. Alkyl group (Section 2.10): Structural unit related to an alkane by replacing one of the hydrogens by a potential point of attachment to some other atom or group. The general symbol for an alkyl group is R±. Alkyl halide (Section 4.1): Compound of the type RX, in which X is a halogen substituent (F, Cl, Br, I). Alkyloxonium ion (Section 4.6): Positive ion of the type ROH2 . Alkyne (Section 2.1): Hydrocarbon that contains a carbon—carbon triple bond. Allene (Section 10.5): The compound CH2œCœCH2. Allyl cation (Section 10.2): The carbocation CH2œCHCH2 The carbocation is stabilized by delocalization of the electrons of the double bond, and the positive charge is shared by the two CH2 groups. Substituted analogs of allyl cation are called allylic carbocations. Allyl group (Sections 5.1, 10.1): The group CH2œCHCH2± Allylic rearrangement (Section 10.2): Functional group transformation in which double-bond migration has converted one allylic structural unit to another, as in: Amide (Sections 2.3 and 20.1): Compound of the type Amine (Chapter 22): Molecule in which a nitrogen-containing group of the type ±NH2, ±NHR, or ±NR2 is attached to an alkyl or aryl group. -Amino acid (Section 27.1): A carboxylic acid that contains an amino group at the -carbon atom. -Amino acids are the building blocks of peptides and proteins. An -amino acid normally exists as a zwitterion. RCHCO2 W NH3 RCNR 2 O X R2CœCHCH2X R2CCHœCH2 W Y R±O addition stage, the nucleophile adds to the carbon that bears the leaving group. In the elimination stage, the leaving group is expelled. Alcohol (Section 4.2): Compound of the type ROH. Alcohol dehydrogenase (Section 15.11): Enzyme in the liver that catalyzes the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones. Aldaric acid (Section 25.19): Carbohydrate in which carboxylic acid functions are present at both ends of the chain. Aldaric acids are typically prepared by oxidation of aldoses with nitric acid. Aldehyde (Sections 2.3 and 17.1): Compound of the type Alditol (Section 25.18): The polyol obtained on reduction of the carbonyl group of a carbohydrate. Aldol addition (Section 18.9): Nucleophilic addition of an aldehyde or ketone enolate to the carbonyl group of an aldehyde or a ketone. The most typical case involves two molecules of an aldehyde, and is usually catalyzed by bases. Aldol condensation (Sections 18.9—18.10): When an aldol addition is carried out so that the -hydroxy aldehyde or ketone dehydrates under the conditions of its formation, the product is described as arising by an aldol condensation. Aldonic acid (Section 25.19): Carboxylic acid obtained by oxidation of the aldehyde function of an aldose. Aldose (Section 25.1): Carbohydrate that contains an aldehyde carbonyl group in its open-chain form. Alicyclic (Section 2.12): Term describing an aliphatic cyclic structural unit. Aliphatic (Section 2.1): Term applied to compounds that do not contain benzene or benzene-like rings as structural units. (Historically, aliphatic was used to describe compounds derived from fats and oils.) Alkadiene (Section 10.5): Hydrocarbon that contains two carbon—carbon double bonds; commonly referred to as a diene. 2RCH2CH O X RCH2CHœCR W CHœO H2O HO heat 2RCH2CH O X RCH2CHCHR W OH W CHœO HO RCH O X ArCH O X or X Y addition X elimination Y X Y