development of culture depends upon mans capacity to learn and to transmit knowledge to succeeding generations Every human society has its own particular culture, or sociocultural system, which overlaps to some extent with other systems. Variation among sociocultural systems is attributable to physical habitats and resources; to the range of possibilities inherent in various areas of activity, such as language, rituals and customs, and the manufacture and use of tools; and to the degree of social development Adaptation and change take place within and among cultures by means of ecological and environmental changes 2. Data base(or database): any collection of data that is specially organized for rapid search and retrieval, usually by a computer. Databases are organized and integrated in such a way as to facilitate the accessing, manipulation, and deletion of data in conjunction with various data-processing operations The information in many databases consists of natural-language texts of documents Information is retrieved from these computerized records based on the presence in them of words or short phrases that are identical to those posed in the users query. In a typical query, the user provides a sequence of characters, such as the title of a journal or the name of a subject area, and the computer searches in the database for a corresponding sequence of characters and provides the source materials in which those characters appear. Queries are the principal means by which users retrieve database information Translate the following into English(10 points) 3.摩天大楼、高速公路、小轿车和市场上品种繁多的家用电器,这一切都说明中国自1978 年实行改革开放以来经历了深刻的变化一这是人们能够亲眼看见的变化。然而,在人们 物质生活变化的背后,还有其他一些可能是具有更重要意义的变化。社会学家们发现, 随着人们生活水平提高,传统的生活方式和观念也慢慢地发生了变化。社会学家们一直 在关注这些变化,从家庭结构的演变到妇女社会地位的变化,从人们对婚姻的态度到消 费观念的转变,还有收入水平的两极分化等,这些都成为社会学家们研究的课题。 Part B Summary Writing(15 points) Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words Europe was the first of the major world regions to develop a modern economy based on commercial agriculture and industrial development. Its successful modernization can be traced to the continents rich endowment of economic resources, its history of innovations, the evolution of a skilled and educated labour force, and the interconnectedness of all its parts-both naturally existing and man-made-which facilitated the easy movement of massive quantities of raw materials and finished goods and the communication of ideasdevelopment of culture depends upon man’s capacity to learn and to transmit knowledge to succeeding generations. Every human society has its own particular culture, or sociocultural system, which overlaps to some extent with other systems. Variation among sociocultural systems is attributable to physical habitats and resources; to the range of possibilities inherent in various areas of activity, such as language, rituals and customs, and the manufacture and use of tools; and to the degree of social development. Adaptation and change take place within and among cultures by means of ecological and environmental changes. 2. Data base (or database): any collection of data that is specially organized for rapid search and retrieval, usually by a computer. Databases are organized and integrated in such a way as to facilitate the accessing, manipulation, and deletion of data in conjunction with various data-processing operations. The information in many databases consists of natural-language texts of documents. Information is retrieved from these computerized records based on the presence in them of words or short phrases that are identical to those posed in the user’s query. In a typical query, the user provides a sequence of characters, such as the title of a journal or the name of a subject area, and the computer searches in the database for a corresponding sequence of characters and provides the source materials in which those characters appear. Queries are the principal means by which users retrieve database information. Translate the following into English (10 points): 3. 摩天大楼、高速公路、小轿车和市场上品种繁多的家用电器，这一切都说明中国自 1978 年实行改革开放以来经历了深刻的变化—这是人们能够亲眼看见的变化。然而，在人们 物质生活变化的背后，还有其他一些可能是具有更重要意义的变化。社会学家们发现， 随着人们生活水平提高，传统的生活方式和观念也慢慢地发生了变化。社会学家们一直 在关注这些变化，从家庭结构的演变到妇女社会地位的变化，从人们对婚姻的态度到消 费观念的转变，还有收入水平的两极分化等，这些都成为社会学家们研究的课题。 Part B Summary Writing (15 points) Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words. Europe was the first of the major world regions to develop a modern economy based on commercial agriculture and industrial development. Its successful modernization can be traced to the continent’s rich endowment of economic resources, its history of innovations, the evolution of a skilled and educated labour force, and the interconnectedness of all its parts-both naturally existing and man-made—which facilitated the easy movement of massive quantities of raw materials and finished goods and the communication of ideas