9.1 Introduction A safety factor was incorporated by using a reduced K for passive pressure or by increasing the embedment depth D some arbitrary amount such as 20 or 30 percent. A finite-difference method by Haliburton (1968) The finite-element method by Bowles(1974) There is no "exact"method to analyze/design a sheet-pile type of wall. There is a complex interaction of construction method, excavation depth,stiffness of wall material,type and state of retained soil,and passive pressure resistance.9.1 Introduction ❖ A safety factor was incorporated by using a reduced Kp for passive pressure or by increasing the embedment depth D some arbitrary amount such as 20 or 30 percent. ❖ A finite-difference method by Haliburton (1968) ❖ The finite-element method by Bowles(1974) ❖ There is no “exact” method to analyze/design a sheet-pile type of wall. ❖ There is a complex interaction of construction method, excavation depth, stiffness of wall material, type and state of retained soil, and passive pressure resistance