Solar radiation 174,000×1012W Short-wave Tidal diation adiation Direct reflection 52,000×1012W(30%) Tides, tidal currents, etc. 3×1012W Direct conversion to heat 82,000×1012W(47% Evaporation, precipitation, etc Storage 40,000×1012w(23% water anc ice Convection Volcanoes and hot springs 0.3×1012w Winds, 370×102W Decay Photosynthesis Storage Conduction Animals 40×1012W in plants 32×1012W Terrestrial Earh 00400310108818311 Fossil fuels Nuclear therma Figure5. 1 Natural energy flow (in units of power) to and from the earth. Source: M. K Hubbert, Mans Conquest of Energy: Its Ecological and Human Consequences, in The environmental and Ecological Forum 1971-1972. Washington D. C: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Publication TID-25857, 1972.) 复旦大学环境科学与工程系 Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan UniversityFigure5.1 Natural energy flow(in units of power) to and from the earth. (Source:M.K. Hubbert, “Man’s Conquest of Energy: Its Ecological and Human Consequences,” in The Environmental and Ecological Forum 1971-1972. Washington D.C.: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Publication TID-25857, 1972.)