Causal studies Evidence of Causality Covariation between A and B THE FAMILY CIRCUS Time order of events No other possible causes of b I wish they didn't turn on that seatbelt sign so much! Every time they do it gets bumpy. O Copy rights reserved, Zou Deqiang20 20 © Copy rights reserved, Zou Deqiang Causal Studies Covariation between A and B Covariation between A and B Time order of events Time order of events No other possible causes of B No other possible causes of B Evidence of Causality