Maps 2.1 Locations Where 2013 Annual Average PM,Concentrations(ug/m3)Meet or Exceed World Health Organization's(WHO)Air Quality Guidelines or Exceed Interim Targets.................................................... 26 2.2 Ratio of Estimated 2013:1990 Annual Average PM,Concentrations at 0.1X 0.1 Resolution.. 27 2.3 Age-Standardized Death Rates from Ambient PM,Pollution,2013.............32 2.4 Age-Standardized Death Rates from Household Air Pollution,2013 39 B4.4.1 Deaths per 100,000 Persons Attributable to Air Pollution at the Provincial Level: Mexico,2013.......… 85 A.1 Differences in Grid-Cell Estimates of(2011)Annual Average PM,s Concentrations from TM5-FASST and from Satellite-Based Estimates...........89 Tables 3.1 Working Life Expectancy for 15-and 40-Year-Olds by Region,2013.............51 3.2 Working Life Expectancy for 15-and 40-Year-Olds by Income Group,2013.......51 3.3 Total Welfare Losses from Air Pollution,by Region:1990-2013................. 3.4 Welfare Losses from Ambient PM,,by Region:1990-2013.....................55 3.5 Welfare Losses from Household Air Pollution,by Region:1990-2013............55 3.6 Total Forgone Labor Output from Air Pollution,by Region:1990-2013..........59 3.7 Forgone Labor Output from Ambient PM,s,by Region:1990-2013......... 3.8 Forgone Labor Output from Household Air Pollution,by Region:1990-2013.....60 3.9 Total Welfare Losses from Air Pollution,VSL-versus VSLY-Based Estimates, by Region:2013.............................63 3.10 Total Welfare Losses from Air Pollution,VSL-versus VSLY-Based Estimates, by Income Group:20l3..................64 3.11 Total Welfare Losses from Air Pollution in Low-and Middle-Income Countries, Base Case VSL Estimates versus Using VSL from Middle-Income Country Studies:20l3...… .65 3.12 Total Welfare Losses from Air Pollution in Base Case Estimates versus Alternate Scenario Using a Base VSL in Line with That Assumed by U.S.Regulatory Agencies,by Income Group:2013...........................................66 3.13 Total Welfare Losses from Air Pollution in Base Case Estimates versus Alternate Scenario Using a Base VSL in Line with That Assumed by U.S.Regulatory Agencies,by Income Group:2013...........................................67 B4.2.1 Comparison of Ambient PM,Concentrations from Ground-Level Monitors and Satellite Observations at the City Level...................................83 A.1 Regions Included in GBD 2013 Ambient Air Pollution PM,Mapping Database...88 A.2 Countries and Regions Included in GBD 2013 Household Air Pollution PM.s Mapping Database......................88 B.1 Mean Annual PM,,Total Deaths from Pollution,Total Welfare Losses,and Total Forgone Labor Output,by Country......... vi The Cost of Air Pollution:Strengthening the Economic Case for Actionvi The Cost of Air Pollution: Strengthening the Economic Case for Action Maps 2.1 Locations Where 2013 Annual Average PM2.5 Concentrations (μg/m3 ) Meet or Exceed World Health Organization's (WHO) Air Quality Guidelines or Exceed Interim Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.2 Ratio of Estimated 2013:1990 Annual Average PM2.5 Concentrations at 0.1° 3 0.1° Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.3 Age-Standardized Death Rates from Ambient PM2.5 Pollution, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.4 Age-Standardized Death Rates from Household Air Pollution, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 B4.4.1 Deaths per 100,000 Persons Attributable to Air Pollution at the Provincial Level: Mexico, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 A.1 Differences in Grid-Cell Estimates of (2011) Annual Average PM2.5 Concentrations from TM5-FASST and from Satellite-Based Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Tables 3.1 Working Life Expectancy for 15- and 40-Year-Olds by Region, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.2 Working Life Expectancy for 15- and 40-Year-Olds by Income Group, 2013 . . . . . . . 51 3.3 Total Welfare Losses from Air Pollution, by Region: 1990–2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.4 Welfare Losses from Ambient PM2.5 , by Region: 1990–2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.5 Welfare Losses from Household Air Pollution, by Region: 1990–2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.6 Total Forgone Labor Output from Air Pollution, by Region: 1990–2013 . . . . . . . . . . 59 3.7 Forgone Labor Output from Ambient PM2.5 , by Region: 1990–2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 3.8 Forgone Labor Output from Household Air Pollution, by Region: 1990–2013 . . . . . 60 3.9 Total Welfare Losses from Air Pollution, VSL- versus VSLY-Based Estimates, by Region: 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.10 Total Welfare Losses from Air Pollution, VSL- versus VSLY-Based Estimates, by Income Group: 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.11 Total Welfare Losses from Air Pollution in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Base Case VSL Estimates versus Using VSL from Middle-Income Country Studies: 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.12 Total Welfare Losses from Air Pollution in Base Case Estimates versus Alternate Scenario Using a Base VSL in Line with That Assumed by U.S. Regulatory Agencies, by Income Group: 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 3.13 Total Welfare Losses from Air Pollution in Base Case Estimates versus Alternate Scenario Using a Base VSL in Line with That Assumed by U.S. Regulatory Agencies, by Income Group: 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 B4.2.1 Comparison of Ambient PM2.5 Concentrations from Ground-Level Monitors and Satellite Observations at the City Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 A.1 Regions Included in GBD 2013 Ambient Air Pollution PM2.5 Mapping Database . . . 88 A.2 Countries and Regions Included in GBD 2013 Household Air Pollution PM2.5 Mapping Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 B.1 Mean Annual PM2.5 , Total Deaths from Pollution, Total Welfare Losses, and Total Forgone Labor Output, by Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 1700234_Cost of Pollution.indd 6 8/29/16 1:55 PM