TABLE 102.2 Typical Satellite Performance Satellite Operator System Name Configuration EIRP in dBw at Edge omments Spacenet serie Ku-band omestic coverage C- and Ku- band C-band: 34-36 C- and Ku-band C-band: 34-38 Domestic coverage Ku-band: Intelsat VA(IBS) C- and Ku-band d:20-26 Ku-band: 38- and:20-26 Intelsat VIl d:26-36 Ku-band: 41-46 Eutelsat i series Ku-band 35-43.5 Covers all of Europe Eutelsat Il Ku-band NASDA-NTT (Japan) Sakura 2 d:30 CS-4a, CS-4b in the Sakura Ka-band: 37 series is scheduled for Over the past two decades, there has been active work in the area of low earth orbit(LEO)satellite systems. In general, LEOs are designed to provide a full range of communication services, both voice and data. Proposed systems are designed to complement existing cellular communications technology. Several companies have proposed LEO systems and have made application to the FCC for a"Pioneer's Preference"license. This license allows the use of new and innovative technology. Motorolas Iridium system is potentially the largest, using 66 satellites to provide coverage over the entire globe Because of the low altitude of the orbit, LEO systems use multiple satellites to provide coverage over a regional area or over the entire globe. Satellites operating at a low orbit are less costly due to the reduced launch costs and reduced weight. However, a low orbit requires the use of multiple satellites since the low altitude of the system provides smaller beam coverage. Since these satellites are not geostationary, ground stations must track an LEO satellite as it passes overhead Due to potential growth of mobile satellite communications, several systems are proposed to be in operation in the 1990s. Examples of these systems are the Iridium, Globalstar, ICO, Orbcomm, Starsys, Odyssey, and Telesis Direct broadcast Satellites The direct broadcast satellites(DBS) concept is to transmit programming directly to homes using a small receive-only antenna via high-powered satellites. Through the use of a high-powered satellite, a small receive- only satellite antenna may be used for home reception, with the ultimate goal to offer antennas less than one foot in diameter. High-powered DBS satellites use high-powered transponders, i.e., 60-120 W. To prevent nterference into the small receive antennas at these high power levels, the DBS satellites will be spaced further apart in geosynchronous orbit. The first efforts in DBS began in the early 1980s when COMSAT built several DBS satellites, but did not launch them. Internationally, many countries currently have DBS services. Several European countries ha high-powered DBS satellites; many others use medium-powered satellites. The DBS industry in the United States is being revitalized by advances in digital video compression technology and the announcement of new players such as Hughes, Primestar, Echostar, etc. to offer DBS services. Hughes Communications and United States Satellite Broadcasting(USSB)system using a high-powered DBS satellite is in operation. As an alternative to the launch of a high-powered satellite, medium-powered DBS systems make use of existing satellites in orbit. However, larger home antennas are required, approximately 2 feet or greater in diameter. A medium-powered DBS in the U.S. is Primestar. Digital video compression techniques using the MPEG-2 standard are used to allow multiple video channels in a transponder. DIRECTVO service, launched in the summer of 1994 by Hughe Electronics, is an example of the direct satellite syste e 2000 by CRC Press LLC© 2000 by CRC Press LLC Over the past two decades, there has been active work in the area of low earth orbit (LEO) satellite systems. In general, LEOs are designed to provide a full range of communication services, both voice and data. Proposed systems are designed to complement existing cellular communications technology. Several companies have proposed LEO systems and have made application to the FCC for a “Pioneer’s Preference” license. This license allows the use of new and innovative technology. Motorola’s Iridium system is potentially the largest, using 66 satellites to provide coverage over the entire globe. Because of the low altitude of the orbit, LEO systems use multiple satellites to provide coverage over a regional area or over the entire globe. Satellites operating at a low orbit are less costly due to the reduced launch costs and reduced weight. However, a low orbit requires the use of multiple satellites since the low altitude of the system provides smaller beam coverage. Since these satellites are not geostationary, ground stations must track an LEO satellite as it passes overhead. Due to potential growth of mobile satellite communications, several systems are proposed to be in operation in the 1990s. Examples of these systems are the Iridium, Globalstar, ICO, Orbcomm, Starsys, Odyssey, and Teledisc. Direct Broadcast Satellites The direct broadcast satellites (DBS) concept is to transmit programming directly to homes using a small receive-only antenna via high-powered satellites. Through the use of a high-powered satellite, a small receive￾only satellite antenna may be used for home reception, with the ultimate goal to offer antennas less than one foot in diameter. High-powered DBS satellites use high-powered transponders, i.e., 60–120 W. To prevent interference into the small receive antennas at these high power levels, the DBS satellites will be spaced further apart in geosynchronous orbit. The first efforts in DBS began in the early 1980s when COMSAT built several DBS satellites, but did not launch them. Internationally, many countries currently have DBS services. Several European countries have high-powered DBS satellites; many others use medium-powered satellites. The DBS industry in the United States is being revitalized by advances in digital video compression technology and the announcement of new players such as Hughes, Primestar, Echostar, etc. to offer DBS services. Hughes Communications and United States Satellite Broadcasting (USSB) system using a high-powered DBS satellite is in operation. As an alternative to the launch of a high-powered satellite, medium-powered DBS systems make use of existing satellites in orbit. However, larger home antennas are required, approximately 2 feet or greater in diameter. A medium-powered DBS in the U.S. is Primestar. Digital video compression techniques using the MPEG-2 standard are used to allow multiple video channels in a transponder. DIRECTV® service, launched in the summer of 1994 by Hughes Electronics, is an example of the direct satellite system. TABLE 102.2 Typical Satellite Performance Satellite Operator System Name Configuration EIRP in dBW at Edge Comments GE Americom GSTAR series Ku-band 38–48 Domestic coverage Spacenet series C- and Ku-band C-band: 34–36 Ku-band: 39 Hughes Comm Galaxy Series C- and Ku-band C-band: 34–38 Domestic coverage Ku-band: 45–49.5 Intelsat Intelsat VA (IBS) C- and Ku-band C-band: 20–26 International service, worldwideKu-band: 38–41 Intelsat VI C- and Ku-band C-band: 20–26 Ku-band: 38–41 Intelsat VII C- and Ku-band C-band: 26–36 Ku-band: 41–46 Eutelsat Eutelsat I series Ku-band 35–43.5 Covers all of Europe Eutelsat II Ku-band 42–47 NASDA-NTT (Japan) Sakura 2 C- and Ka-band C-band: 30 `Ka-band: 37 CS-4a, CS-4b in the Sakura series is scheduled for launch during 1992–94