Defining Terms [ Note: the first five terms below have been proposed by the National Center for Medical Rehabilitation and Research(NCMRR)of the U.S. National Institutes of Health(NIH). Activities of daily living (ADL): Personal activities that are done by almost everyone in the course of a normal ay, including eating, toileting, combing hair, brushing teeth, g,etc. ADLs are distinguished from hobbies and from work-related activities(e.g, typing Appropriate technology: The technology that will accomplish a task adequately, given the resources available. Adequacy can be verified by determining that increasing the technological content of the solution result in diminishing gains or increasing costs. Disability: Inability or limitation in performing tasks, activities, and roles to levels expected within physical nd social contexts Functional limitation: Restriction or lack of ability to perform an action in the manner or within the range consistent with the purpose of an organ or organ system. Impairment: Loss or abnormality of cognitive, emotional, physiological, or anatomical structure or function, including all losses or abnormalities, not just those attributed to the initial pathophysiology. Modality-specific: A task that is specific to a single sense or movement pattern Orthosis: A modality-specific appliance that aids the performance of a function or movement by augmenting or assisting the residual capabilities of that function or movement. An orthopedic brace is an orthosis. Pathophysiology: Interruption or interference with normal physiological and developmental processes or structures Prosthesis: An appliance that substitutes for the loss of a particular function, generally by involving a different modality as an input and/or output channel. An artificial limb, a sensory substitution system, or an augmentative communication aid are prosthetic devices Residual function or residual capacity: Residual function is a measure of the ability to carry out one of more general tasks using the methods normally used. Residual capacity is a measure of the ability toto carry out these tasks using any means of performance. These residual measures are generally more subjective than other more quantifiable measures such as residual strength. Societal limitation: Restriction, attributable to social policy or barriers(structural or attitudinal), that limits fulfillment of roles, or denies access to services or opportunities that are associated with full participation References Clark, G.M., Y.C. Tong, and J.E. Patrick, 1990. Cochlear Prostheses, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh Goodenough- Trepagnier, C, 1994. Guest Editor of a special issue of Assistive Technology, 6(1), dealing with mental loads in augmentative communication. Kaczmarek, K.A., J.G. Webster, P Bach-y-Rita, and w.J. Tompkins, 1991. Electrotactile and vibrotactile displays for sensory substitution, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Engr, 38: 1-16 Klinke, R, 1983. Physiology of the sense of equilibrium, hearing and speech. Chapter 12 in Human Physiology (eds: R.E. Schmidt and G. Thews), Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Loeb, G E, 1985. The Functional Replacement of the Ear, Scientific American, 252: 104-111 Reswick, J. 1982. What is a rehabiliation engineer? in Annual Review of Rehabiltation, Vol. 2(eds. E L. Pan, T.E. Backer, C L. Vash), Springer-Verlag, New York. Robinson, C.J. 1993. Rehabilitation Engineering-an editorial, IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engin Robinson, C], 1995. Rehabilitation Engineering, Science, and Technology, The Biomedical Engineering (O Bronzino, Editor), CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 2045-2054 Stein, R.B., D. Charles, and K B. James, 1988. Providing motor control for the handicapped: A fusion of modern neuroscience, bioengineering, and rehabilitation, Advances in Neurology Vol. 47: Functional Recovery in Neurological Disease,(ed. S.G. Waxman), Raven Press, New York. c 2000 by CRC Press LLC© 2000 by CRC Press LLC Defining Terms [Note: the first five terms below have been proposed by the National Center for Medical Rehabilitation and Research (NCMRR) of the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH).] Activities of daily living (ADL): Personal activities that are done by almost everyone in the course of a normal day, including eating, toileting, combing hair, brushing teeth, reading, etc. ADLs are distinguished from hobbies and from work-related activities (e.g., typing). Appropriate technology: The technology that will accomplish a task adequately, given the resources available. Adequacy can be verified by determining that increasing the technological content of the solution results in diminishing gains or increasing costs. Disability: Inability or limitation in performing tasks, activities, and roles to levels expected within physical and social contexts. Functional limitation: Restriction or lack of ability to perform an action in the manner or within the range consistent with the purpose of an organ or organ system. Impairment: Loss or abnormality of cognitive, emotional, physiological, or anatomical structure or function, including all losses or abnormalities, not just those attributed to the initial pathophysiology. Modality-specific: A task that is specific to a single sense or movement pattern. Orthosis: A modality-specific appliance that aids the performance of a function or movement by augmenting or assisting the residual capabilities of that function or movement. An orthopedic brace is an orthosis. Pathophysiology: Interruption or interference with normal physiological and developmental processes or structures. Prosthesis: An appliance that substitutes for the loss of a particular function, generally by involving a different modality as an input and/or output channel. An artificial limb, a sensory substitution system, or an augmentative communication aid are prosthetic devices. Residual function or residual capacity: Residual function is a measure of the ability to carry out one of more general tasks using the methods normally used. Residual capacity is a measure of the ability to to carry out these tasks using any means of performance. These residual measures are generally more subjective than other more quantifiable measures such as residual strength. Societal limitation: Restriction, attributable to social policy or barriers (structural or attitudinal), that limits fulfillment of roles, or denies access to services or opportunities that are associated with full participation in society. References Much of this material also appeared in: Clark, G.M., Y.C. Tong, and J.F. Patrick, 1990. Cochlear Prostheses, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh. Goodenough-Trepagnier, C., 1994. Guest Editor of a special issue of Assistive Technology, 6(1), dealing with mental loads in augmentative communication. Kaczmarek, K.A., J.G. Webster, P. Bach-y-Rita, and W.J. Tompkins, 1991. Electrotactile and vibrotactile displays for sensory substitution, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Engr., 38:1–16. Klinke, R., 1983. Physiology of the sense of equilibrium, hearing and speech. Chapter 12 in Human Physiology (eds: R.F. Schmidt and G. Thews), Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Loeb, G.E., 1985. The Functional Replacement of the Ear, Scientific American, 252:104–111. Reswick, J. 1982. What is a rehabiliation engineer? in Annual Review of Rehabiltation, Vol. 2 (eds. E.L. Pan, T.E. Backer, C.L. Vash), Springer-Verlag, New York. Robinson, C.J. 1993. Rehabilitation Engineering — an editorial, IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering, 1(1):1–2. Robinson, C.J., 1995. Rehabilitation Engineering, Science, and Technology, The Biomedical Engineering (J.O. Bronzino, Editor), CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 2045–2054. Stein, R.B., D. Charles, and K.B. James, 1988. Providing motor control for the handicapped: A fusion of modern neuroscience, bioengineering, and rehabilitation, Advances in Neurology, Vol. 47: Functional Recovery in Neurological Disease, (ed. S.G. Waxman), Raven Press, New York