上游充通大学 Research Status of Human-Computer Interaction 1.Introduction Human-computer interaction (HCI)is a complex research and practice area on interaction and communication between human and computer through mutual understandings.In the early 1980s, Association for Computing Machinery first established a special interest group on HCI(Myers, 1998).Since then,HCI has attracted experts and professionals from many other disciplines and incorporated a wide range of concepts and approaches,expanding rapidly and steadily to solve problems of information managements,services and processing in maximizing degree for human needs(Carroll,2010).Over the past three decades,revolutions of HCI technologies have greatly reshaped our life.It is safe to say that human-computer technology is one of the most significant inventions of the 20th century. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e Fig.1 Five stages in the development of HCI (a)Keyboard (b)Mouse (c)Touch (d)Multimedia (e)Virtual Reality In general,as shown in Fig.1,human-computer interaction styles have experienced five phases, each of which can be represented by its milestone technology:keyboard and character display,the mouse pointing device and graphical display,touch technology,multimedia and multimodal interaction,and virtual reality (Karat et al.,2012;Kelner,2000).On the basis of relative literatures, we summarized the technologies used in different stages,and we laid our stress on the latest two phases.Firstly,we briefly introduced the first three stages,including their developmental processes and features.Next we gave a detailed description of four kinds of multimodal interaction-the recognition of speech,lip-reading,facial expression and action.Then we talked more deeply about virtual reality from its system,hardware,software and application.Finally,we discussed the trend of future development of HCI.We hope that this paper could provide some guidance to related research on HCI to be carried out in future. 2.Keyboard Character Display The early stage of HCI originated from the typewriter,based on which keyboard was then invented. The emergence of keyboard brought us into the era of characters user interface,which can be called the first generation of HCI.Keyboard and character display were the main interaction tools,and characters,texts,and commands were the main interaction contents.Thus,the interaction between human and computer in this stage seemed quite stupid and monotonous. Keyboard has been used as the input device of computer and has kept on upgrading since it was invented by Christopher Latham Sholes in the 1878(Myers,1998).According to the difference in switch,keyboards can be classified into several categories:mechanical,membrane,conductive,and capacitive keyboard(Hu,2012).From the late 19th century to the early 21st century,research on 4/19Research Status of Human-Computer Interaction 4 / 19 1. Introduction Human-computer interaction (HCI) is a complex research and practice area on interaction and communication between human and computer through mutual understandings. In the early 1980s, Association for Computing Machinery first established a special interest group on HCI (Myers, 1998). Since then, HCI has attracted experts and professionals from many other disciplines and incorporated a wide range of concepts and approaches, expanding rapidly and steadily to solve problems of information managements, services and processing in maximizing degree for human needs (Carroll,2010). Over the past three decades, revolutions of HCI technologies have greatly reshaped our life. It is safe to say that human-computer technology is one of the most significant inventions of the 20th century. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Fig. 1 Five stages in the development of HCI (a) Keyboard (b) Mouse (c) Touch (d) Multimedia (e) Virtual Reality In general, as shown in Fig. 1, human-computer interaction styles have experienced five phases, each of which can be represented by its milestone technology: keyboard and character display, the mouse pointing device and graphical display, touch technology, multimedia and multimodal interaction, and virtual reality (Karat et al., 2012; Kelner, 2000). On the basis of relative literatures, we summarized the technologies used in different stages, and we laid our stress on the latest two phases. Firstly, we briefly introduced the first three stages, including their developmental processes and features. Next we gave a detailed description of four kinds of multimodal interaction - the recognition of speech, lip-reading, facial expression and action. Then we talked more deeply about virtual reality from its system, hardware, software and application. Finally, we discussed the trend of future development of HCI. We hope that this paper could provide some guidance to related research on HCI to be carried out in future. 2. Keyboard & Character Display The early stage of HCI originated from the typewriter, based on which keyboard was then invented. The emergence of keyboard brought us into the era of characters user interface, which can be called the first generation of HCI. Keyboard and character display were the main interaction tools, and characters, texts, and commands were the main interaction contents. Thus, the interaction between human and computer in this stage seemed quite stupid and monotonous. Keyboard has been used as the input device of computer and has kept on upgrading since it was invented by Christopher Latham Sholes in the 1878 (Myers, 1998). According to the difference in switch, keyboards can be classified into several categories: mechanical, membrane, conductive, and capacitive keyboard(Hu, 2012). From the late 19th century to the early 21st century, research on