Mobile Netw Appl (2014)19:524-533 533 than one tag in category i giving response in a slot.It 2.Xie L,Sheng B,Tan CC,Han H,Li Q,Chen D (2010)Effi- will further reduce the capture effect,because the exis- cient tag identification in mobile RFID systems.In:Proceedings tence of a category is more easily to be detected than of INFOCOM.San Diego,pp 1001-1009 3.Zhang M,Li T,Chen S,Li B(2010)Using analog network cod- the existence of a tag. ing to improve the RFID reading throughput.In:Proceedings of Channel Error:Channel error may corrupt the sig- ICDCS.Genova,pp 547-556 nal transmitted by a tag.The problem is common to 4.Zheng Y,Li M(2013)P-MTI:physical-layer missing tag identi- all RFID reading protocols.Therefore,the RFID tag fication via compressive sensing.In:Proceedings of INFOCOM. usually keeps transmitting its ID until it receives the Turin,pp 917-925 5.Alotaibi M.Bialkowski KS.Postula A (2010)A signal strength acknowledgement from the reader.In our proposed pro- based tag estimation technique for RFID systems.In:2010 IEEE tocols CRCP and ECRCP,only the bits of a slot can be international conference on RFID-technology and applications recovered from the signal,the reader will resolve the (RFID-TA).Guangzhou,pp 251-256 6.Ning H,Cong Y,Xu ZQ,Hong T,Zhao JC,Zhang Y(2007)Per- collision slot,as shown in Algorithm 1.Otherwise,the formance evaluation of RFID anti-collision algorithm with FPGA tags mapping to this slot will reply in the next frame,in implementation.In:21st international conference on advanced order to reduce the effect of channel error. information networking and applications workshops (AINAW). Niagara Falls,pp 153-158 While considering the issues like capture effect,chan- 7.Lim T,Li T.Yeo S(2008)A cross-layer framework for privacy nel error,etc,there may be some potential inaccuracy of enhancement in RFID systems.Pervasive Mob Comput 4(6):889- our protocols CRCP and ECRCP.However,by adopting 905 8.Liu L,Xie Z,Xi J,Lai S (2005)An improved anti-collision the techniques described above,our protocols can work algorithm in RFID system.In:Proceedings of 2nd interna- efficiently and reduce the effect caused by realistic envi- tional conference on mobile technology,applications and systems. ronments in a degree.In future,we will provide more Guangzhou improvements to CRCP and ECRCP,in order to solve the 9.Tan CC,Sheng B,Li Q(2008)How to monitor for missing RFID tags.In:Proceedings of ICDCS.Beijing,pp 295-302 problems better. 10.Luo W,Chen S,Li T,Qiao Y (2012)Probabilistic missing- tag detection and energy-time tradeoff in large-scale RFID sys- tems. In:Proceedings of MobiHoc.South Carolina,pp 95- 104 10 Conclusion 11.Zheng Y,Li M(2011)Fast tag searching protocol for large-scale RFID systems.In:19th IEEE international conference on network In this paper,we investigate the rule checking problem in protocols (ICNP).Vancouver,pp 363-372 RFID systems.We present two efficient protocols,CRCP 12.Kodialam M,Nandagopal T(2006)Fast and reliable estimation and ECRCP.CRCP resolves the collision slots.while schemes in RFID systems.In:Proceedings of the 12th annual international conference on mobile computing and networking ECRCP further combines the collision detection and the (MobiCom).Los Angeles,pp 322-333 rules'logical features to achieve time efficiency.Simu- 13. Shahzad M,Liu AX(2012)Every bit counts fast and scalable lation results show that CRCP and ECRCP have better RFID estimation.In:Proceedings of the 18th annual international performance than the baseline protocols.Besides,ECRCP conference on mobile computing and networking (MobiCom). Istanbul,pp 365-376 outperforms all the other solutions. 14.Yue H,Zhang C,Pan M,Fang Y,Chen S (2012)A time- efficient information collection protocol for large-scale RFID Acknowledgments This work is supported in part by National Systems.In:Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM.Orlando,pp 2158- Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.61100196, 2166 61321491.91218302:JiangSu Natural Science Foundation under 15.EPC radio frequency identify protocols class-1 generation-2 UHF Grant No.BK2011559:Key Project of JiangSu Research Program RFID protocol for communications at 860 MHz-916 MHz under Grant No.BE2013116:EU FP7 IRSES MobileCloud Project Version 1.2.0 under Grant No.612212. 16.Information technology automatic identification and data capture techniques-radio frequency identification for item management air interface.Part 6.parameters for air interface communications at 860-960MHZ,ed:Standard IS018000-6,(2003) 17.Wang J,Hassanieh H,Katabi D,Indyk P(2012)Efficient and reli- References able low-power backscatter networks.ACM SIGCOMM Comput Commun Rev 42(4):61-72 1.Pan L.Wu H(2009)Smart trend-traversal:a low delay and energy 18.Yin Y,Xie L,Lu S,Chen D(2013)Efficient Protocols for Rule tag arbitration protocol for large RFID systems.In:Proceedings Checking in RFID Systems.In:Proceedings of IEEE ICCCN. of INFOCOM,mini-conference.Rio de Janeiro,pp 2571-2575 Nassau,pp 1-7 Springerthan one tag in category i giving response in a slot. It will further reduce the capture effect, because the exis￾tence of a category is more easily to be detected than the existence of a tag. – Channel Error: Channel error may corrupt the sig￾nal transmitted by a tag. The problem is common to all RFID reading protocols. Therefore, the RFID tag usually keeps transmitting its ID until it receives the acknowledgement from the reader. In our proposed pro￾tocols CRCP and ECRCP, only the bits of a slot can be recovered from the signal, the reader will resolve the collision slot, as shown in Algorithm 1. Otherwise, the tags mapping to this slot will reply in the next frame, in order to reduce the effect of channel error. While considering the issues like capture effect, chan￾nel error, etc, there may be some potential inaccuracy of our protocols CRCP and ECRCP. However, by adopting the techniques described above, our protocols can work efficiently and reduce the effect caused by realistic envi￾ronments in a degree. In future, we will provide more improvements to CRCP and ECRCP, in order to solve the problems better. 10 Conclusion In this paper, we investigate the rule checking problem in RFID systems. We present two efficient protocols, CRCP and ECRCP. CRCP resolves the collision slots, while ECRCP further combines the collision detection and the rules’ logical features to achieve time efficiency. Simu￾lation results show that CRCP and ECRCP have better performance than the baseline protocols. Besides, ECRCP outperforms all the other solutions. Acknowledgments This work is supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61100196, 61321491, 91218302; JiangSu Natural Science Foundation under Grant No. BK2011559; Key Project of JiangSu Research Program under Grant No. BE2013116; EU FP7 IRSES MobileCloud Project under Grant No. 612212. References 1. Pan L, Wu H (2009) Smart trend-traversal: a low delay and energy tag arbitration protocol for large RFID systems. In: Proceedings of INFOCOM, mini-conference. Rio de Janeiro, pp 2571–2575 2. Xie L, Sheng B, Tan CC, Han H, Li Q, Chen D (2010) Effi￾cient tag identification in mobile RFID systems. In: Proceedings of INFOCOM. San Diego, pp 1001–1009 3. Zhang M, Li T, Chen S, Li B (2010) Using analog network cod￾ing to improve the RFID reading throughput. In: Proceedings of ICDCS. Genova, pp 547–556 4. Zheng Y, Li M (2013) P-MTI: physical-layer missing tag identi￾fication via compressive sensing. In: Proceedings of INFOCOM. Turin, pp 917–925 5. Alotaibi M, Bialkowski KS, Postula A (2010) A signal strength based tag estimation technique for RFID systems. In: 2010 IEEE international conference on RFID-technology and applications (RFID-TA). Guangzhou, pp 251–256 6. Ning H, Cong Y, Xu ZQ, Hong T, Zhao JC, Zhang Y (2007) Per￾formance evaluation of RFID anti-collision algorithm with FPGA implementation. In: 21st international conference on advanced information networking and applications workshops (AINAW). Niagara Falls, pp 153–158 7. Lim T, Li T, Yeo S (2008) A cross-layer framework for privacy enhancement in RFID systems. Pervasive Mob Comput 4(6):889– 905 8. Liu L, Xie Z, Xi J, Lai S (2005) An improved anti-collision algorithm in RFID system. In: Proceedings of 2nd interna￾tional conference on mobile technology, applications and systems. Guangzhou 9. Tan CC, Sheng B, Li Q (2008) How to monitor for missing RFID tags. In: Proceedings of ICDCS. Beijing, pp 295–302 10. Luo W, Chen S, Li T, Qiao Y (2012) Probabilistic missing￾tag detection and energy-time tradeoff in large-scale RFID sys￾tems. In: Proceedings of MobiHoc. South Carolina, pp 95– 104 11. Zheng Y, Li M (2011) Fast tag searching protocol for large-scale RFID systems. In: 19th IEEE international conference on network protocols (ICNP). Vancouver, pp 363–372 12. Kodialam M, Nandagopal T (2006) Fast and reliable estimation schemes in RFID systems. In: Proceedings of the 12th annual international conference on mobile computing and networking (MobiCom). Los Angeles, pp 322–333 13. Shahzad M, Liu AX (2012) Every bit counts - fast and scalable RFID estimation. In: Proceedings of the 18th annual international conference on mobile computing and networking (MobiCom). Istanbul, pp 365–376 14. Yue H, Zhang C, Pan M, Fang Y, Chen S (2012) A time￾efficient information collection protocol for large-scale RFID Systems. In: Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM. Orlando, pp 2158– 2166 15. EPC radio frequency identify protocols class-1 generation-2 UHF RFID protocol for communications at 860 MHz - 916 MHz Version 1.2.0 16. Information technology automatic identification and data capture techniques-radio frequency identification for item management air interface. Part 6. parameters for air interface communications at 860- 960 MHZ, ed: Standard ISO 18000–6, (2003) 17. Wang J, Hassanieh H, Katabi D, Indyk P (2012) Efficient and reli￾able low-power backscatter networks. ACM SIGCOMM Comput Commun Rev 42(4):61–72 18. Yin Y, Xie L, Lu S, Chen D (2013) Efficient Protocols for Rule Checking in RFID Systems. In: Proceedings of IEEE ICCCN. Nassau, pp 1–7 Mobile Netw Appl (2014) 19:524–533 533