9 %toxaphene; baits containing 1 toxaphene, a 2: 1 toxaphene DDT'emulsion; and a dust containing 14% toxaphene and 7% DDT In 1982, EPA cancelled the registrations of toxaphene for most uses as a pesticide or pesticide ingredient, except for certa in uses under specific terms and conditions(ATSDR, 1996) 33. Especially in the United States, the definition of technical toxaphene "was patterned after the Hercules Incorporated product(Hercules Code Number 3956)marketed underthe trademark name of Toxaphene. "In recent years, Hercules Incorporated has essentially let the name of toxaphene lapse into the public domain so that many products with similar properties are referred to as toxaphene. Other companies used slightly different manufacturing processes, lead ing to a chlorinated camphene mixture with degrees of totalchlorination and a distribution of specific congeners that are not the same as the Hercules Incorporated product. For instance, the toxaphene- like product commonly marketed under names like Stroban(e)"had a slightly lowered degree of chlorination and used slightly different camphene or pinene feedstocks. In 1996 toxaphene-like pesticide agents were still produced and were widely used in many countries. While it is im possible to quantify production figures or usage rates, India and many countries in Latin America, Eastem Europe, the former Soviet Union, and Africa are still using various toxaphene products as pesticides(ATSDr. 1996)." Stroban(e) had a slightly lowered degree of chlorination and used slightly different camphene or pinene feedstocks. In 1996, toxaphene-like pesticide agents were still produced and were widely used in many countries. While it is impossible to quantify production figures or usage rates, India and many count ries in Latin America, Eastem Europe, the former Soviet Union, and Africa are still using various toxaphene products as pesticides(ATSDR, 1996) Toxaphene was introduced in 1949 and became the most heavily used organochlorine pesticide in he United States until its ban in 1982. High production rates were also reported for Brazil, the former Soviet Union and the former German Democratic Republic as well as for Central America(Voldner and Lie, 1993) While most attention has been focused on the intention l production of polychlorinated camphene(PCCs)as pesticide agents, there is growing evidence that PCC congeners may be an unintentional byproduct of manufacturing processes that use chlorination, such as those for paperand pulp. Studies a bout places as far flung as New Zealand, Japan, the Great Lakes region in the United States, or Scandinavia suggest that PCCs can be found in many parts of the world where toxaphene mixtures have never been used as pesticide agents (ATSDR, 1996) (e)Use Toxaphene was one of the most heavily used insecticides in the United States until 1982, when it was cancelled for most uses; all uses were banned in 1990. Voldner and Lie(1993)estimated a global usage of 1.3 billion kg from 1950 to 1993 Toxaphene was formerly used as a nonsystemic stomach and contact insecticide with some acaricidalactivity. Being nonphytotoxic(except to cucurbits), it was used to control many insects thriving on cotton,com, fruit, vegetables, and small grains and to control the Cussia obtusifola soy b ean pest. Toxaphene was also used to control livestock ectoparasites such as lice, flies, ticks, mange, and scab mites. Its relatively low toxicity to bees and its long-persisting insecticidal effect made it particularly useful in the treatment of flowering plants. Toxaphene was not used to control cockroaches because its action on them is weaker than chlordane, Toxaphene was used at one time in the United States to eradicate fish. The principal use was for pest control on cotton crops. In 1974, an estimated 20 Mio kg used in the United States was distributed as follows: 85 % on cotton; 7% on livestock and poultry, 5 % on other field crops; 3% on soybeans; and less than 1 %on sorghum. Based on estimates of von Rumkeret al (1974)for 1972, 75% of the to xaphene commercialapplications Toxaphene solutions were often mixed with other pesticides partly because production for that year was for agricultural use; 24% was exported; and I was used for industrial ar toxaphene solutions appear to help solubilize other insecticides with low water solubility. Toxaphene was frequently applied with methylor ethyl parathion, DDT, and lindane. Through the early 1970s toxaphene or mixtures of toxaphene with rotenone were used widely in lakes and streams by fish and game agencies to eliminate biologic communities that were considered undesira ble for sport fishing(ATSDR, 1996) Wastes Wastes consisting of, conta ining or contam inated with pesticide POPs are found in a numberof physical forms including (a)Obsolete stockpiles of pesticides in original packages which are no longer usable because of their exceeded shelf life and/or because of deteriorated packages (b)Liquids consisting of, containing or contaminated with Pesticide POPs(technical grade pesticide diluted with specific solvents such as gas oil and others April 2005 10[Document Number] April 2005 10 9 % toxaphene; baits containing 1 % toxaphene; a 2:1 toxaphene:DDT emulsion; and a dust containing 14 % toxaphene and 7 % DDT. In 1982, EPA cancelled the registrations of toxaphene for most uses as a pesticide or pesticide ingredient, except for certain uses under specific terms and conditions (ATSDR, 1996). 33. Especially in the United States, the definition of “technical toxaphene” was patterned after the Hercules Incorporated product (Hercules Code Number 3956) marketed under the trademark name of “Toxaphene.” In recent years, Hercules Incorporated has essentially let the name of toxaphene lapse into the public domain so that many products with similar properties are referred to as toxaphene. Other companies used slightly different manufacturing processes, leading to a chlorinated camphene mixture with degrees of total chlorination and a distribution of specific congeners that are not the same as the Hercules Incorporated product. For instance, the toxaphene-like product commonly marketed under names like “Stroban(e)” had a slightly lowered degree of chlorination and used slightly different camphene or pinene feedstocks. In 1996, toxaphene-like pesticide agents were still produced and were widely used in many countries. While it is impossible to quantify production figures or usage rates, India and many countries in Latin America, Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, and Africa are still using various toxaphene products as pesticides (ATSDR, 1996). “Stroban(e)” had a slightly lowered degree of chlorination and used slightly different camphene or pinene feedstocks. In 1996, toxaphene-like pesticide agents were still produced and were widely used in many countries. While it is impossible to quantify production figures or usage rates, India and many countries in Latin America, Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, and Africa are still using various toxaphene products as pesticides (ATSDR, 1996). 34. Toxaphene was introduced in 1949 and became the most heavily used organochlorine pesticide in the United States until its ban in 1982. High production rates were also reported for Brazil, the former Soviet Union and the former German Democratic Republic as well as for Central America (Voldner and Lie, 1993). While most attention has been focused on the intentiona l production of polychlorinated camphenes (PCCs) as pesticide agents, there is growing evidence that PCC congeners may be an unintentional byproduct of manufacturing processes that use chlorination, such as those for paper and pulp. Studies about places as far￾flung as New Zealand, Japan, the Great Lakes region in the United States, or Scandinavia suggest that PCCs can be found in many parts of the world where toxaphene mixtures have never been used as pesticide agents (ATSDR, 1996). (c) Use 35. Toxaphene was one of the most heavily used insecticides in the United States until 1982, when it was cancelled for most uses; all uses were banned in 1990. Voldner and Lie (1993) estimated a global usage of 1.3 billion kg from 1950 to 1993. 36. Toxaphene was formerly used as a nonsystemic stomach and contact insecticide with some acaricidal activity. Being nonphytotoxic (except to cucurbits), it was used to control many insects thriving on cotton, corn, fruit, vegetables, and small grains and to control the Cussia obtusifola soyb ean pest. Toxaphene was also used to control livestock ectoparasites such as lice, flies, ticks, mange, and scab mites. Its relatively low toxicity to bees and its long-persisting insecticidal effect made it particularly useful in the treatment of flowering plants. Toxaphene was not used to control cockroaches because its action on them is weaker than chlordane. Toxaphene was used at one time in the United States to eradicate fish. The principal use was for pest control on cotton crops. In 1974, an estimated 20 Mio kg used in the United States was distributed as follows: 85 % on cotton; 7 % on livestock and poultry; 5 % on other field crops; 3 % on soybeans; and less than 1 % on sorghum. Based on estimates of von Rumker et al. (1974) for 1972, 75 % of the to xaphene production for that year was for agricultural use; 24 % was exported; and 1 % was used for industrial and commercial applications. Toxaphene solutions were often mixed with other pesticides partly because toxaphene solutions appear to help solubilize other insecticides with low water solubility. Toxaphene was frequently applied with methyl or ethyl parathion, DDT, and lindane. Through the early 1970s toxaphene or mixtures of toxaphene with rotenone were used widely in lakes and streams by fish and game agencies to eliminate biologic communities that were considered undesirable for sport fishing (ATSDR, 1996). 9 Wastes 37. Wastes consisting of, containing or contaminated with pesticide POPs are found in a number of physical forms including: (a) Obsolete stockpiles of pesticides in original packages which are no longer usable because of their exceeded shelf life and/or because of deteriorated packages; (b) Liquids consisting of, containing or contaminated with Pesticide POPs (technical grade pesticide diluted with specific solvents such as gas oil and others);