260 Meat refrigeration 15-16.9°c 13-149°c 11-129°C 7-8.9C 5-6.9C 3-49°C 1-29°c 3to-0.9°C 5to-29°C 05101520253035 Fig 12.7 Frequency distribution of temperatures in all refrigerators(source: Evans eta.,1991). Table 12.5 Positions of lowest and highest mean temperatures in refrigerators nvestigated Refrigerator of lowest mean %o of highest mear Middle Bottom Middle Bottom Ice box 41.6 104 28.6 117 597 Fridge-freezer 10.6 Larder 50.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 Source: Evans et al. 1991 (average 1.8C), whereas the range in temperature in fridge-freezers and larder refrigerators was nearly twice as great(average of 3. 4C in fridge freezers and 3.7C in larder refrigerators)(Table 12.6, Fig. 12.9). A survey carried out in China found higher ranges in temperature within domestic refrigerators with only 2.3% of the refrigerators surveyed operating with a emperature range of less than 6C: 34.1% had differences of 8-12C, 34.1% in the range of 12-14C and 29. 5% differences greater than 14C (Shixiong and Jing, 1990) The time for storage of frozen foods in the UK is based on the star-rating system(Table 12.7). This was introduced in the early 1960s relating equip ment capability with frozen food keeping quality(Ware, 1974; Sanderson Walker, 1979)(average 1.8 °C), whereas the range in temperature in fridge-freezers and larder refrigerators was nearly twice as great (average of 3.4 °C in fridge￾freezers and 3.7 °C in larder refrigerators) (Table 12.6, Fig. 12.9). A survey carried out in China found higher ranges in temperature within domestic refrigerators with only 2.3% of the refrigerators surveyed operating with a temperature range of less than 6°C: 34.1% had differences of 8–12 °C, 34.1% in the range of 12–14 °C and 29.5% differences greater than 14 °C (Shixiong and Jing, 1990). The time for storage of frozen foods in the UK is based on the star-rating system (Table 12.7). This was introduced in the early 1960s relating equip￾ment capability with frozen food keeping quality (Ware, 1974; Sanderson￾Walker, 1979). 260 Meat refrigeration 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 15–16.9°C 13–14.9°C 11–12.9°C 9–10.9°C 7–8.9°C 5–6.9°C 3–4.9°C –1 – 0.9°C 1–2.9°C –3 to – 0.9°C –5 to –2.9°C Percentage Fig. 12.7 Frequency distribution of temperatures in all refrigerators (source: Evans et al., 1991). Table 12.5 Positions of lowest and highest mean temperatures in refrigerators investigated Refrigerator % of lowest mean % of highest mean type temperatures in: temperatures in: Top Middle Bottom Top Middle Bottom Ice box 48.1 41.6 10.4 28.6 11.7 59.7 Fridge-freezer 10.6 45.5 43.9 84.6 8.9 6.5 Larder 0.0 50.0 50.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 Source: Evans et al., 1991