4. Detection and Repair 2. Determination of Size of Cycle Slip 1. Detection of Cycle Slip Interpolation Techniques: A method is to fit a curve through Each of the described testing quantities allows the location of testing quantities before and after the cycle s values. This also yields an approximate size of the cycle slip. Linear regression One of the methods for cycle slip detection is the scheme of Prediction Method: At a certain epoch, the function value (i.e one of the testing quantities)for the next epoch is predicted based on the information obtained from preceding function Kalman filtering 3. Repair of Cycle Slip 1. Based on the measurement noise assumption, the separation of the cycle slips is unambiguosuly possible for up to +4 cycles 2. Ambiguity Resolution 2. A smaller measurement noise increase t 3. For a larger cycle slips, another method should be used in order to avoid wrong choices in ambiguous 2.1 General Aspects 2. Double-Differences 1. Ambiguity Measurement The use of double-differences instead of single-differences The ambiguity inherent with phase measurements depends for carrier phase processing can eliminate the clock terms upon both receiver and satellite. The model for phase is nd the isolation of the ambiguities is possible 3. Effect of ionosphere, Troposphere and Other d=-p+fA6+N-△ Minor f we consider the ambiguity, N as an integer value, th For high accuracy of the carrier phase observable, the ambiguity is said to be resol ved or fixed. ambiguities must be resolved to their correct integer value since one cycle on the LI carrier may translate, in the Ambiguity fixing strengthens the baseline solution, but naximum, to a 19 cm position error. It should be stressed sometimes solutions with fixed ambiguities (i.e, integer here that integer ambiguity resolution may not always lues)and within a few millimeters Why2 4. Detection and Repair Each of the described testing quantities allows the location of cycle slips by checking the difference of two consecutive epoch values. This also yields an approximate size of the cycle slip. One of the methods for cycle slip detection is the scheme of differences. 1. Detection of Cycle Slip Interpolation Techniques: A method is to fit a curve through the testing quantities before and after the cycle slip. Prediction Method: At a certain epoch, the function value (i.e., one of the testing quantities) for the next epoch is predicted based on the information obtained from preceding function values. 2. Determination of Size of Cycle Slip • Kalman filtering • Linear regression • Least square method 3. Repair of Cycle Slip Cycle slip repair using the ionospheric residual are 1. Based on the measurement noise assumption, the separation of the cycle slips is unambiguosuly possible for up to ±4 cycles. 2. A smaller measurement noise increase the separability. 3. For a larger cycle slips, another method should be used in order to avoid wrong choices in ambiguous situation. 2. Ambiguity Resolution 2.1 General Aspects Iono λ 1 ρ f δ N - λ 1 Φ = + ∆ + ∆ The ambiguity inherent with phase measurements depends upon both receiver and satellite. The model for phase is If we consider the ambiguity, N as an integer value, the ambiguity is said to be resolved or fixed. Ambiguity fixing strengthens the baseline solution, but sometimes solutions with fixed ambiguities (i.e., integer values) and float ambiguities (i.e., real values) may agree within a few millimeters 1. Ambiguity Measurement The use of double-differences instead of single-differences for carrier phase processing can eliminate the clock terms and the isolation of the ambiguities is possible. Why? 2. Double-Differences For high accuracy of the carrier phase observable, the ambiguities must be resolved to their correct integer value since one cycle on the L1 carrier may translate, in the maximum, to a 19 cm position error. It should be stressed here that integer ambiguity resolution may not always be possible. 3. Effect of Ionosphere, Troposphere and Other Minor