Introduction ◆“Energy for water'": the energy used for water abstraction,treatment, distribution,and postuse wastewater treatment. Others have also included water-related energy consumption in the residential,commercial,and industrial sectors (e.g.,for water heating and cooling). When included,these"end-use"processes typically account for more than two-thirds of total "energy for water." Using even broader system boundaries that consider all processes where energy is applied to water,including all primary energy used at thermoelectric power plants,Sanders and Webber classified 47%of total primary energy in the United States as“energy for water.” Introduction ◆ “Energy for water”: ✓ the energy used for water abstraction, treatment, distribution, and postuse wastewater treatment. ✓ Others have also included water-related energy consumption in the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors (e.g., for water heating and cooling). ✓ When included, these “end-use” processes typically account for more than two-thirds of total “energy for water.” ◆ Using even broader system boundaries that consider all processes where energy is applied to water, including all primary energy used at thermoelectric power plants, Sanders and Webber classified 47% of total primary energy in the United States as “energy for water