Promotion Promotion: Selective expansion of initiated cells, which are at risk of further genetic changes and malignant conversion Promoters are usually nonmutagenic, not carcinogenic alone. often do not need metabolic activation can induce tumor in conjuction with a dose of an initiator that is too low to be carcinogenic alone Chemicals capable of both initiation and promotion are called complete carcinogens: benzola]pyrene and 4 aminobiphenyl14 Promotion • Promotion: Selective expansion of initiated cells, which are at risk of further genetic changes and malignant conversion • Promoters are usually nonmutagenic, not carcinogenic alone, often do not need metabolic activation, can induce tumor in conjuction with a dose of an initiator that is too low to be carcinogenic alone • Chemicals capable of both initiation and promotion are called complete carcinogens: benzo[a]pyrene and 4- aminobiphenyl