关于反托拉斯政策的争议 Controversies over Antitrust 转售价格控制 Policy Resale Price Maintenance ◆反托拉斯政策有时可能不允许有潜在正面 转售价格控制(或称公平贸易):供应商 Antitrust policies sometimes may not allow (比如批发商)要求零售商向顾客收取指 business practices that have potentially 定的价格。 positive effects ◆转售价格控制 Resale price maintenance Resale price maintenance(or fair trade) ◆掠夺性定价 Predatory pricing occurs when suppliers(like wholesalers) ◆搭售 Tying require the retailers that they sell to, to charge customers a specific amount. 掠夺性定价 搭售 Predatory Pricing Tying 掠夺性定价:大企业减价的动机是把它 搭售:一个企业以单一价格提供两 的竞争对手赶出市场。 个或多个产品,而不是分开提供 Predatory pricing occurs when a large Tying refers to when a firm offers firm begins to cut the price of its two(or more)of its products Product(s)with the intent of driving its together at a single price, rather competitor(s)out of the market. than separately. 总结 总结 Summary Summary 组成卡特尔,象一个垄断者那样行事 ◆囚徒困境表明,自利 为阻止人们进行合作 即使合作符合双方各 olists maximize their total profits by The prisoners'dilemma shows that self-interest ng a cartel and acting like a monopolist. an prevent people from maintaining ◆如果寡头单独地进行产量决策,结果是比垄断 cooperation, even when cooperation is in their 更高的数量和更低的价格 mutual self-interest If oligopolists make decisions about production ◆囚徒困境的逻辑可以应用于许多场合,包括寡 levels individually. the result is a greater quantity and a lower price than under the The logic of the prisoners'dilemma applies in monopoly outcome. many situations, including oligopolies 417 37 关于反托拉斯政策的争议 Controversies over Antitrust Policy ‹ 反托拉斯政策有时可能不允许有潜在正面 效果的商业行为。 Antitrust policies sometimes may not allow business practices that have potentially positive effects: ‹ 转售价格控制 Resale price maintenance ‹ 掠夺性定价 Predatory pricing ‹ 搭售 Tying 38 转售价格控制 Resale Price Maintenance 转售价格控制（或称公平贸易）：供应商 （比如批发商）要求零售商向顾客收取指 定的价格。 Resale price maintenance (or fair trade) occurs when suppliers (like wholesalers) require the retailers that they sell to, to charge customers a specific amount. 39 掠夺性定价 Predatory Pricing 掠夺性定价：大企业减价的动机是把它 的竞争对手赶出市场。 Predatory pricing occurs when a large firm begins to cut the price of its product(s) with the intent of driving its competitor(s) out of the market. 40 搭售 Tying 搭售：一个企业以单一价格提供两 个或多个产品，而不是分开提供。 Tying refers to when a firm offers two (or more) of its products together at a single price, rather than separately. 41 总结 Summary ‹寡头通过组成卡特尔，象一个垄断者那样行事 ，以最大化他们的总利润。 Oligopolists maximize their total profits by forming a cartel and acting like a monopolist. ‹如果寡头单独地进行产量决策，结果是比垄断 更高的数量和更低的价格。 If oligopolists make decisions about production levels individually, the result is a greater quantity and a lower price than under the monopoly outcome. 42 总结 Summary ‹囚徒困境表明，自利的行为阻止人们进行合作 ，即使合作符合双方各自的利益。 The prisoners’ dilemma shows that self-interest can prevent people from maintaining cooperation, even when cooperation is in their mutual self-interest. ‹囚徒困境的逻辑可以应用于许多场合，包括寡 头。 The logic of the prisoners’ dilemma applies in many situations, including oligopolies