SPSS Guide to Data Analysis Page 1 of8 For All Tests Remember that the Significance (or Asymp.Sig.in some cases)needs to be less than 0.05 to be significant. The Independent Variable is always the variable that you are predicting something about (i.e.what your Ha predicts differences between,as long as your Ha is correct).The Dependent Variable is what you are measuring in order to tell if the groups (or conditions for repeated measures tests)are different.For correlations and for Chi-Square,it does not matter which one is the Independent or Dependent variable. Ha always predicts a difference (for correlations,it predicts that r is different from zero,but another way of saying this is that there is a significant correlation)and Ho always predicts no difference.If your Ha was directional,and you find that it was predicted in the wrong direction(i.e.you predicted A was greater than B and it turns out that B is significantly greater than A)you should still accept H,even though H predicts no difference,and you found a difference in the opposite direction. If there is a WARNING box on your Output File,it is usually because you used the wrong test,or the wrong variables.Go back and double check. Tests For Numeric Data Z-Scores (Compared to Data) Analyze Descriptive Statistics>Descriptives Click over the variable you would like zscores for Click on the box that says Save Standardized Values as Variables.This is located right below the box that displays all of the variables. If means and standard deviations are needed,click on Options and click on the boxes that will give you the means and standard deviations. .The zscores will not be on the Output File!!! They are saved as variables on the Data File.They should be saved in the variable that is to the far right of the data screen.Normally it is called z,and then the name of the variable (e.g.ZSLEEP) Compare the zscores to the critical value to determine which zscores are significant.Remember,if your hypothesis is directional(i.e.one-tailed),the critical value is or-1.645.If your hypothesis is non-directional (i.e.two- tailed),the critical value is or-1.96.SPSS Guide to Data Analysis Page 1 of 8 For All Tests · Remember that the Significance (or Asymp. Sig. in some cases) needs to be less than 0.05 to be significant. · The Independent Variable is always the variable that you are predicting something about (i.e. what your Ha predicts differences between, as long as your Ha is correct). The Dependent Variable is what you are measuring in order to tell if the groups (or conditions for repeated measures tests) are different. For correlations and for Chi-Square, it does not matter which one is the Independent or Dependent variable. · Ha always predicts a difference (for correlations, it predicts that r is different from zero, but another way of saying this is that there is a significant correlation) and Ho always predicts no difference. If your Ha was directional, and you find that it was predicted in the wrong direction (i.e. you predicted A was greater than B and it turns out that B is significantly greater than A) you should still accept Ho, even though Ho predicts no difference, and you found a difference in the opposite direction. · If there is a WARNING box on your Output File, it is usually because you used the wrong test, or the wrong variables. Go back and double check. Tests For Numeric Data Z-Scores (Compared to Data ) Analyze ‡ Descriptive Statistics ‡ Descriptives · Click over the variable you would like z-scores for · Click on the box that says Save Standardi zed Values as Variables. This is located right below the box that displays all of the variables. · If means and standard deviations are needed, click on Options and click on the boxes that will give you the means and standard deviations. · The z-scores will not be on the Output File!!! · They are saved as variables on the Data File. They should be saved in the variable that is to the far right of the data screen. Normally it is called z, and then the name of the variable (e.g. ZSLEEP) · Compare the z-scores to the critical value to determine which z-scores are significant. Remember, if your hypothesis is directiona l (i.e. one-tailed), the critical value is + or – 1.645. If your hypothesis is non-directional (i.e. two￾tailed), the critical value is + or – 1.96