Contents ntents Pr 2C.5 Conservation of electrons 2C.6 Using Conservation Principles in Chapter I Introduction 2D Basic Equipment and Instrumentation 25 2D. 1 Instrumentation for Measuring Mass 25 la What is Analytical Chemistry? 2 2D. 2 Equipment for Measuring Volume 26 1B The Analytical Perspective 5 2D.3 Equip Drying Ic Common Analytical Problems 8 2E Preparing Solutions 30 ID Key Terms 9 2E. I Preparing Stock Solutions 30 2E. 2 Preparing Solutions by Dilution 31 IF Problems 9 2F The Laboratory notebook 32 IG Suggested Readings 10 erms IH References 1 2I Problems 33 Chapter 2 2) Suggested Readings 34 Basic Tools of Analytical Chemistry ll 2K References 34 2A Numbers in Analytical Chemistry 12 Chapter 2A.1 Fundamental Units of measure 12 2A. 2 Significant Figures The Language of analytical Chemistry 35 2B Units for Expressing Concentration 15 3A Analysis, Determination, and Measurement 36 3B Techniques, Methods, Procedures, and 2B. 2 Normality 16 Protocols 36 2B.3 Molality 18 3c Classifying Analytical Techniques 37 2B.4 Weight, Volume, and Weight-to-Volume 3D Selecting an Analytical Method 38 Rat 3D.1 Accuracy 38 2B.5 Converting Between Concentration Units 18 3D.2 Precision 39 2B.6 p-Functions 19 3D.3 Sensitivity 39 2c Stoichiometric Calculations 20 3D.4 Selectivity 40 2C.1 Conservation of mass 22 3D.5 Robustness and Ruggedness 42 2C.2 Conservation of Charge 22 3D.6 Scale of Operation 42 2C. 3 Conservation of Protons 22 3D.7 Equipment, Time, and Cost 44 2C. 4 Conservation of electron pairs 23 3D. 8 Making the Final Choice 44iii Contents Contents Preface xii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1A What is Analytical Chemistry? 2 1B The Analytical Perspective 5 1C Common Analytical Problems 8 1D Key Terms 9 1E Summary 9 1F Problems 9 1G Suggested Readings 10 1H References 10 Chapter 2 Basic Tools of Analytical Chemistry 11 2A Numbers in Analytical Chemistry 12 2A.1 Fundamental Units of Measure 12 2A.2 Significant Figures 13 2B Units for Expressing Concentration 15 2B.1 Molarity and Formality 15 2B.2 Normality 16 2B.3 Molality 18 2B.4 Weight, Volume, and Weight-to-Volume Ratios 18 2B.5 Converting Between Concentration Units 18 2B.6 p-Functions 19 2C Stoichiometric Calculations 20 2C.1 Conservation of Mass 22 2C.2 Conservation of Charge 22 2C.3 Conservation of Protons 22 2C.4 Conservation of Electron Pairs 23 2C.5 Conservation of Electrons 23 2C.6 Using Conservation Principles in Stoichiometry Problems 23 2D Basic Equipment and Instrumentation 25 2D.1 Instrumentation for Measuring Mass 25 2D.2 Equipment for Measuring Volume 26 2D.3 Equipment for Drying Samples 29 2E Preparing Solutions 30 2E.1 Preparing Stock Solutions 30 2E.2 Preparing Solutions by Dilution 31 2F The Laboratory Notebook 32 2G Key Terms 32 2H Summary 33 2I Problems 33 2J Suggested Readings 34 2K References 34 Chapter 3 The Language of Analytical Chemistry 35 3A Analysis, Determination, and Measurement 36 3B Techniques, Methods, Procedures, and Protocols 36 3C Classifying Analytical Techniques 37 3D Selecting an Analytical Method 38 3D.1 Accuracy 38 3D.2 Precision 39 3D.3 Sensitivity 39 3D.4 Selectivity 40 3D.5 Robustness and Ruggedness 42 3D.6 Scale of Operation 42 3D.7 Equipment, Time, and Cost 44 3D.8 Making the Final Choice 44 1400-Fm 9/9/99 7:37 AM Page iii