Part 7.3: Management of Symptomatic Bradycardia and Tachycardia V complex tachycardias by EMS personnel without direct physician controL. 34. Chiladakis JA. St ulos C. Davlouros P. Manolis As. Intravenous Am J Emerg Med. 1995: 13: 383-388 magnesium sulfate versus diltiazem in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Int 19. Madsen CD, Pointer JE, Lynch TG. A comparison of adenosine and j Cardio.2001;79:287-291 verapamil for the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia in the pre- hospital setting. Ann Emerg Med. 1995: 25: 649-655. Sacchi T. Acute ventricular rate control in atrial fibrillation: Iv comb 20. Morrison LJ, Allan R. Vermeulen M. Dong SL, Meca AL. Con- ation of diltiazem and digoxin vs. IV diltiazem alone. Chest. 2001: 119: (PSVT) with the addition of adenosine: a before-and-after trial. Prehosp 36. Sticherling C, Tada H, Hsu w. Bares AC, Oral H. Pelosi F, Knight BP. Strickberger SA. F. Effects of diltiazem and esmolol on cycle 21. Cheng KA. [A randomized, multicenter trial to compare the safety and length and spontaneous conversion of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc fficacy of adenosine versus verapamil for termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2003; 42: 37. Shettigar UR, Toole JG, Appunn DO. Combined use of esmolol and digoxin in the acute treatment of atrial fibrillation or flutter. Am Heart J. 22. Cybulski J, Kulakowski P, Makowska E, Czepiel A, Sikora-Frac M, 1993:126:368-374 Ceremuzynski L. Intravenous amiodarone is safe and seems to be 38. Wang HE, O'Connor RE, Megargel RE, Schnyder ME, Morison DM, effective in termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Barnes TA. Fitzkee A. The use of diltiazem for treating rapid atrial Clin CardioL. 1996: 19: 563-566 23. Gowda RM. Khan IA, Mehta NJ, Vasavada BC, Sacchi TJ. Cardiac brillation in the out-of-hospital setting. Ann Emerg Med. 2001; 3 arrhythmias in pregnancy: clinical and therapeutic considerations. Int J 39. Martinez-Marcos FJ, Garcia-Garmendia JL, Ortega-Carpio A 24. Camm A, Garratt CJ. Adenosine and supraventricular tachycardia. Femandez-Gomez JM. Santos JM, Camacho C. Comparison of intravenous of acute atrial fibril- N Engl J med.1991:325:1621-1629 lation to sinus rhythm. Am J Cardiol. 2000: 86: 950-953 25. Gupta A, Naik A, Vora A, Lokhandwala Y. Comparison of efficacy of 40. Kalus JS. Spencer AP, Tsikouris JP, Chung JO, Kenyon KW, Ziska M intravenous diltiazem and esmolol in terminating supraventricular tachycardia. J Assoc Physicians India. 1999: 47: 969-972 Kluger J, White CM. Impact of prophylactic i.v. magnesium on th 26. Lim SH Anantharaman V. et al. Slow infusion of calcium channel efficacy of ibutilide for conversion of atrial fibrillation or flutter. Am J Health Syst Phann. 2003: 60: 2308-2312 tricular tachycardia. Circulation. 1999: 100: 722 41. Cotter G, Blatt A, Kaluski E. Metzkor-Cotter E. Koren M, Litinski L 27. Lim SH. Anantharaman V. Teo wS. Slow-infusion of calcium channel Simantov r. Moshkovitz Y, Zaidenstein R. Peleg e, Vered Z. Golik A. management of supraventricular tachycardia. nset paroxysmal atrial fibrillation to normal sinus Resuscitation. 2002: 52: 167- rhythm: the effect of no treatment and high-dose amiodarone: a ran- 28. Schutzenberer w, Leisch F, Kerschner K, Harringer W, Herbinger w domized, placebo-controlled study. Eur Heart J. 1999: 20: 1833-1842 Clinical efficacy of intravenous amiodarone in the short term treatment of 42. Manz M, Pfeiffer D, Jung W. Lueritz B. Intravenous treatment with I sustained ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. Br Magne persistent ventricular tachycardia. New Trends in Heart j.1989:62:367-371 Arrhythmias. 1991; 7: 437-442 29. Credner SC, Klingenheben T, Maus O, Sticherling C, Hohnloser SH 43. Tzivoni D, Banai S, Schuger C, Benhorin J. Keren A, Gottlieb S, Stern S Electrical storm in patients with transvenous implantable cardioverter Treatment of torsade de pointes with magnesium sulfate. Circulation defibrillators: incidence, management and prognostic implications. J Coll Cardiol.1998:32:1909-1915 44. Keren A, Tzivoni D. Gavish D, Levi J. Gottlieb S. Benhorin J. Stern S. 30. Helmy I, Herre JM, Gee G, Sharkey H, Malone P, Sauve MI, Griffin JC Etiology, warning signs and therapy of torsade de pointes: a study of 10 Scheinman MM. Use of intravenous amiodarone for emergency treatment patients. Circulation. 1981: 64: 1167-1174 of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989: 12: 45. Nguyen PT, Scheinman MM, Seger J. Polymorphous ventricular 1015-1022. 31. Somberg JC, Bailin SJ, Haffajee CI, Paladino WP, Kerin NZ, Bridges D lation.1986:74:340-349 Timar S. Molnar J Intravenous lidocaine versus intravenous amiodaron 46. Marill KA, Greenbeg GM. Kay D, Nelson BK. Analysis of the treatment (in a new aqueous formulation) for incessant ventricular tachycardia. of spontaneous sustained stable ventricular tachycardia. Acad Emerg m Cardiol.200290:853-859 Med.1997;12:l122-1128 32. Kudenchuk PJ. Cobb LA, Copass MK, Cummins RO, Doherty AM, 47. Gorgels AR, van den Dool A, Hofs A, Mulleneers R, Smees JL Vos MA Fahrenbruch CE, Hallstrom AP, Murray WA. Olsufka M, Walsh T ellens H. Comparison of procainamide and lidocaine in terminating Amiodarone for resuscitation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 1996: 78 ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 1999: 341: 871-878. 33. Dorian P, Cass D. Schwartz B, Cooper R, Gelaznikas R. Barr A Ami- 48. Ho DS, Zecchin RP, Richards DA, Uther JB, Ross DL Double-blind trial odarone as compared with lidocaine for shock-resistant ventricular fibril- of lignocaine versus sotalol for acute termination of spontaneous sus- lation. N Engl J Med. 2002: 346: 884-890. tained ventricular tachycardia. Lancet. 1994: 344: 18-23complex tachycardias by EMS personnel without direct physician control. Am J Emerg Med. 1995;13:383–388. 19. Madsen CD, Pointer JE, Lynch TG. A comparison of adenosine and verapamil for the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia in the pre￾hospital setting. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25:649 – 655. 20. Morrison LJ, Allan R, Vermeulen M, Dong SL, McCallum AL. Con￾version rates for prehospital paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) with the addition of adenosine: a before-and-after trial. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2001;5:353–359. 21. Cheng KA. [A randomized, multicenter trial to compare the safety and efficacy of adenosine versus verapamil for termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.] Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2003;42: 773–776. 22. Cybulski J, Kulakowski P, Makowska E, Czepiel A, Sikora-Frac M, Ceremuzynski L. Intravenous amiodarone is safe and seems to be effective in termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Clin Cardiol. 1996;19:563–566. 23. Gowda RM, Khan IA, Mehta NJ, Vasavada BC, Sacchi TJ. Cardiac arrhythmias in pregnancy: clinical and therapeutic considerations. Int J Cardiol. 2003;88:129 –133. 24. Camm AJ, Garratt CJ. Adenosine and supraventricular tachycardia. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:1621–1629. 25. Gupta A, Naik A, Vora A, Lokhandwala Y. Comparison of efficacy of intravenous diltiazem and esmolol in terminating supraventricular tachycardia. J Assoc Physicians India. 1999;47:969 –972. 26. Lim SH, Anantharaman V, et al. Slow infusion of calcium channel blockers are more effective in the emergency management of supraven￾tricular tachycardia. Circulation. 1999;100:722. 27. Lim SH, Anantharaman V, Teo WS. Slow-infusion of calcium channel blockers in the emergency management of supraventricular tachycardia. Resuscitation. 2002;52:167–174. 28. Schutzenberer W, Leisch F, Kerschner K, Harringer W, Herbinger W. Clinical efficacy of intravenous amiodarone in the short term treatment of recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. Br Heart J. 1989;62:367–371. 29. Credner SC, Klingenheben T, Maus O, Sticherling C, Hohnloser SH. Electrical storm in patients with transvenous implantable cardioverter￾defibrillators: incidence, management and prognostic implications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:1909 –1915. 30. Helmy I, Herre JM, Gee G, Sharkey H, Malone P, Sauve MJ, Griffin JC, Scheinman MM. Use of intravenous amiodarone for emergency treatment of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol.1989;12: 1015–1022. 31. Somberg JC, Bailin SJ, Haffajee CI, Paladino WP, Kerin NZ, Bridges D, Timar S, Molnar J. Intravenous lidocaine versus intravenous amiodarone (in a new aqueous formulation) for incessant ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:853– 859. 32. Kudenchuk PJ, Cobb LA, Copass MK, Cummins RO, Doherty AM, Fahrenbruch CE, Hallstrom AP, Murray WA, Olsufka M, Walsh T. Amiodarone for resuscitation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:871– 878. 33. Dorian P, Cass D, Schwartz B, Cooper R, Gelaznikas R, Barr A. Ami￾odarone as compared with lidocaine for shock-resistant ventricular fibril￾lation. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:884 – 890. 34. Chiladakis JA, Stathopoulos C, Davlouros P, Manolis AS. Intravenous magnesium sulfate versus diltiazem in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol. 2001;79:287–291. 35. Wattanasuwan N, Khan IA, Mehta NJ, Arora P, Singh N, Vasavada BC, Sacchi TJ. Acute ventricular rate control in atrial fibrillation: IV combi￾nation of diltiazem and digoxin vs. IV diltiazem alone. Chest. 2001;119: 502–506. 36. Sticherling C, Tada H, Hsu W, Bares AC, Oral H, Pelosi F, Knight BP, Strickberger SA, Morady F. Effects of diltiazem and esmolol on cycle length and spontaneous conversion of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2002;7:81– 88. 37. Shettigar UR, Toole JG, Appunn DO. Combined use of esmolol and digoxin in the acute treatment of atrial fibrillation or flutter. Am Heart J. 1993;126:368 –374. 38. Wang HE, O’Connor RE, Megargel RE, Schnyder ME, Morrison DM, Barnes TA, Fitzkee A. The use of diltiazem for treating rapid atrial fibrillation in the out-of-hospital setting. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;37: 38 – 45. 39. Martinez-Marcos FJ, Garcia-Garmendia JL, Ortega-Carpio A, Fernandez-Gomez JM, Santos JM, Camacho C. Comparison of intravenous flecainide, propafenone, and amiodarone for conversion of acute atrial fibril￾lation to sinus rhythm. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86:950 –953. 40. Kalus JS, Spencer AP, Tsikouris JP, Chung JO, Kenyon KW, Ziska M, Kluger J, White CM. Impact of prophylactic i.v. magnesium on the efficacy of ibutilide for conversion of atrial fibrillation or flutter. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2003;60:2308 –2312. 41. Cotter G, Blatt A, Kaluski E, Metzkor-Cotter E, Koren M, Litinski I, Simantov R, Moshkovitz Y, Zaidenstein R, Peleg E, Vered Z, Golik A. Conversion of recent onset paroxysmal atrial fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm: the effect of no treatment and high-dose amiodarone: a ran￾domized, placebo-controlled study. Eur Heart J. 1999;20:1833–1842. 42. Manz M, Pfeiffer D, Jung W, Lueritz B. Intravenous treatment with magnesium in recurrent persistent ventricular tachycardia. New Trends in Arrhythmias. 1991;7:437– 442. 43. Tzivoni D, Banai S, Schuger C, Benhorin J, Keren A, Gottlieb S, Stern S. Treatment of torsade de pointes with magnesium sulfate. Circulation. 1988;77:392–397. 44. Keren A, Tzivoni D, Gavish D, Levi J, Gottlieb S, Benhorin J, Stern S. Etiology, warning signs and therapy of torsade de pointes: a study of 10 patients. Circulation. 1981;64:1167–1174. 45. Nguyen PT, Scheinman MM, Seger J. Polymorphous ventricular tachycardia: clinical characterization, therapy, and the QT interval. Cir￾culation. 1986;74:340 –349. 46. Marill KA, Greenbeg GM, Kay D, Nelson BK. Analysis of the treatment of spontaneous sustained stable ventricular tachycardia. Acad Emerg Med. 1997;12:1122–1128. 47. Gorgels AR, van den Dool A, Hofs A, Mulleneers R, Smees JL, Vos MA, Wellens HJ. Comparison of procainamide and lidocaine in terminating sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 1996;78: 43– 46. 48. Ho DS, Zecchin RP, Richards DA, Uther JB, Ross DL. Double-blind trial of lignocaine versus sotalol for acute termination of spontaneous sus￾tained ventricular tachycardia. Lancet. 1994;344:18 –23. Part 7.3: Management of Symptomatic Bradycardia and Tachycardia IV-77