STORES AND NEIGHBORHOODS IN MODERN SHANGHAI 95 Kitcher (Tingzijian) Back Living room Back bedroom Front Living room Front Bedroom Sidewalk oor Second Floor Figure 3. The floorplan of a front-row lilong house was a U-shaped, two- or three-story brick building with two wings connecting to the central part of the house and a small courtyard in front between the wings Obviously, this design was derived from traditional Chinese houses, especially the ourtyard house or quadrangle house(Blaser 1979: 5-14; Knapp 1990: 11-13). TE innovation here is that the lilong house was never built as an individual structure but always in a cluster: a few units of lilong houses were built to form a row, and a few rows comprised a compound(figure 2). Within the compound, paved alleyways between the rows provided access, light, and ventilation. It is said that the row design was derived from the terrace-house of Europe(Wang Shaozhou 1989: 75 Chen and Zhang 1988: 162; Gao 1990: 223-24; Zhang Jishun 1993) The lilong design outlasted the early influx of refugees and with various modifications continued to be built to house Shanghais growing population. Wings were removed from the U-shaped design and what had been originally the central part of the house was built as a single unit( Gao 1990: 225-26; Jia 1982: 286-87 From the 1920s on, some newly built lilong started to feature such modern amenities as sanitary fixtures(bathrooms with a bathtub and flush toilet) and a gas supply for cooking and hot water. These houses were called"new-type alleyway hous (xinshi lilong) to distinguish them from the old lilong, which usually did not have modern sanitation or gas. The latter were commonly called shikumen(lit., a wooden door within a stone framework), a name derived from the design of the front door of the houses(Wang Shaozhou 1989: 77; Wang and Chen 1987: 6; Chen and Zhang 1988: 160-65). The small stores we will discuss were most popular in the old-type long neighborhoods, although they were also found in the new-type lilong neighborhood:STORES AND NEIGHBORHOODS IN MODERN SHANGHAI 95 Front Bedroom Figure 3. The floorplan of a front-row filong house. was a U-shaped, two- or three-story brick building with two wings connecting to the central part of the house and a small courtyard in front between the wings. Obviously, this design was derived from traditional Chinese houses, especially the courtyard house or quadrangle house (Blaser 1777:5-14; Knapp 1970: 11- 13). The innovation here is that the lilong house was never built as an individual structure but always in a cluster: a few units of lilong houses were built to form a row, and a few rows comprised a compound (figure 2). Within the compound, paved alleyways between the rows provided access, light, and ventilation. It is said that the row design was derived from the terrace-house of Europe (Wang Shaozhou 1989:75; Chen and Zhang 1988:162; Gao 1990:223-24; Zhang Jishun 1993). The lilong design outlasted the early influx of refugees and with various modifications continued to be built to house Shanghai's growing population. Wings were removed from the U-shaped design and what had been originally the central part of the house was built as a single unit (Gao 1990:225-26; Jia 1982:286-87). From the 1920s on, some newly built lilong started to feature such modern amenities as sanitary fixtures (bathrooms with a bathtub and flush toilet) and a gas supply for cooking and hot water. These houses were called "new-type alleyway houses" (xinshi fifong) to distinguish them from the old lilong, which usually did not have modern sanitation or gas. The latter were commonly called shikzlmen (lit., a wooden door within a stone framework), a name derived from the design of the front door of the houses (Wang Shaozhou 1787:77; Wang and Chen 1787:6; Chen and Zhang 1788: 160-65). The small stores we will discuss were most popular in the old-type lilong neighborhoods, although they were also found in the new-type lilong neighborhoods