philosopher,was an outspoken and aggressive enemy of every one's garden." injustice such as tyranny,bigotry,cruelty,but especially of religious Voltaire said some memnorable things,for example: intolerance.He was noted for his characteristic wit,satire and "Whatever you do,crush the infamous thing (superstition), critical capacity.His works are an outstanding embodiment of the and love those who love you. principles of the French Enlightenment. "Love truth,but pardon error." Of all his writings,two books must be mentioned here: “Liberty of thought is the life of the soul.” "I disapprove of what you say,but I will defend to the death a.Lettres Anglaise (also circulated as Lettres Philosophiques) your right to say it." (1739) "If God did not exist,it would be necessary to invent him." A product of the author's years of exile in England has been called "the first bomb dropped on the Old Regime".Written in the 3.Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) style of letters to friends in France,the 24 "letters"try to show a Rousseau,the Swiss-born philosopher,author,political theorist contrast between English liberty and toleration and French arbitrary and composer,ranks as one of the greatest figures of the French government,and call for political,religious and philosophic freedom; Enlightenement.His writings had a great influence on the leaders of for the betterment of earthly life;for employing the method of Sir the French Revolution as well as the Romantic generation. Francis Bacon,Locke and Newton;and for exploiting the intellect He glorified human nature and attacked social inequality.His toward social progress. most famous words are:"Man is born free,and everywhere he is in chains."He favoured a theory of social contract as the key to human b.Candide (1758) freedom. It is the most famous of Voltaire's novels.It is a satire on the Major Works: previous adventure novels of the age,an attack upon the claims of unlimited optimism.It is the story of a naive and innocent young a.The Origin of Human Inequality (1755) man who becomes gradually disillusioned.Young Candide was In it Rousseau argues that the social order of civilized society brought up in the castle of a baron together with the latter's son and introduces inequality and unhappiness.This social order rests upon daughter.The family teacher was always telling him that the world private property.Man's greatest ills are not nautral but made by man they lived in was the best of all possible worlds.But he was turned himself;the remedy lies also within man's power. out of the castle for falling in love with the baron's daughter. Through misfortunes and hardships in this world,Candide became b.The New Heloise (1761) disillusioned.He realized that the secret of happiness is to"cultivate A novel attempted to portray the sufferings and tragedy that 240 241 衣疑泽深财每缘宾漏