生产中的正外部性 Positive Externalities in 外部性的内在化:补贴 Production Internalizing Externalities 需求曲线和社会成本曲线的交点决定了最优产出水平 Subsidies The intersection of the demand curve and the social-cost urve determines the optimal output leveL. 政府经常使用补贴的方法试图将 ◆最优产出水平高于均衡数量。 正外部性内在化。 The optimal output level is more than the equilibrium quantity. Government many times uses ◆市场产出量低于社会希望的数量。 subsidies as the primary method The market produces a smaller quantity than is socially desirable for attempting to internalize ◆产出的社会成本小于厂商和消费者支付的私人成本 positive externalities. The social costs of production are less than the private cost to producers and consumers. 技术政策 技术政策 Technology Policy Technology Policy ◆专利法是技术政策的一种,它对个人或 政府干预经济以扶持高技术产业的 企业创造发明的产权予以专利保护 Patent laws are a form of technology 做法,称为技术政策。 policy that give the individual (or firm) Government intervention in the with patent protection a property right over its invention economy that aims to promote technology-enhancing industries is ◆因此,可以说专利使外部性内在化 The patent is then said to internalize the called technology policy externality 生产外部性的内在化 internalizing Production 消费的外部性 Consumption Extemalities Externalities (b)正的精冀外都性 税收是被用来把负外部性内在化的主 Positive Consumption Externality 要工具 Taxes are the primary tools used to internalize negative externalities ◆补贴是被用来把正外部性内在化的主 要工具 Subsidies are the primary tools used value) to internalize positive externalities4 19 生产中的正外部性 Positive Externalities in Production 需求曲线和社会成本曲线的交点决定了最优产出水平。 The intersection of the demand curve and the social-cost curve determines the optimal output level. ‹ 最优产出水平高于均衡数量。 The optimal output level is more than the equilibrium quantity. ‹ 市场产出量低于社会希望的数量。 The market produces a smaller quantity than is socially desirable. ‹ 产出的社会成本小于厂商和消费者支付的私人成本 The social costs of production are less than the private cost to producers and consumers. 20 外部性的内在化：补贴 Internalizing Externalities: Subsidies 政府经常使用补贴的方法试图将 正外部性内在化。 Government many times uses subsidies as the primary method for attempting to internalize positive externalities. 21 技术政策 Technology Policy 政府干预经济以扶持高技术产业的 做法，称为技术政策。 Government intervention in the economy that aims to promote technology-enhancing industries is called technology policy. 22 技术政策 Technology Policy ‹专利法是技术政策的一种，它对个人或 企业创造发明的产权予以专利保护。 Patent laws are a form of technology policy that give the individual (or firm) with patent protection a property right over its invention. ‹因此，可以说专利使外部性内在化。 The patent is then said to internalize the externality. 23 生产外部性的内在化 Internalizing Production Externalities ‹税收是被用来把负外部性内在化的主 要工具。 Taxes are the primary tools used to internalize negative externalities. ‹补贴是被用来把正外部性内在化的主 要工具。 Subsidies are the primary tools used to internalize positive externalities. 24 消费的外部性… Consumption Externalities… 教育量 Quantity of Education 0 教育价格 (Price of Education) Q 市场 MARKET 需求Demand (私人价值private value) 社会价值 Social value Q 最优 OPTIMUM (b)正的消费外部性 Positive Consumption Externality 供给Supply (私人成本 private cost) 酒精量 Quantity of Alcohol 0 酒精价格 (Price of Alcohol) Q 市场值 MARKET 需求Demand (私人价值 private value) 供给Supply (私人成本private cost) 社会价值 Social value Q 最优值 OPTIMUM (a) 负的消费外部性 Negative Consumption Externality