INTELLIGENCE IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN FROM VERY Low INCOME FAMILIES 629 grade children and with the .39 DAP/PPVT SUMMARY AND CONCLUS raw-score correlation obtained in a sample of 5- to 6-year-old Head Start children(Eisen The DAP, the PPVT, and the PSi were berg Conners, 1966). The DAP/PPVT administered to a nationally representative standard-score product-moment correlations sample of 956 children attending 1966 Proi. ranged 19-52; these correlations, while ect Head Start full-year classes. Among chil- lower than the raw-score correlations, were dren from 4 years,0 months to 6 years, 11 significant at s. 01. The single exception was months, the DAP/PPVT and DAP/PSi cor 22 obtained for 3-year-old children relations compared favorably with Test bias has been defined(Educational oefficients previously reported for Testing Service, 1966)as the consistent over from less deprived homes. Among or underprediction of a criterion in one sub. children, the congruent validity of the DAP was lower group as compared to ither sex nor ethnic group sig another subgroup, .o nificantly affected DAP correlations; the that equally high predictive validity within DAP thus meets one criterion of a culture- subgroups would indicate a lack of bias. if fair measure this definition is extended to congruent valid ity the value of the dap as an estimate of On both the pPvt and the daP, however general intelligence appears to be as high the mean standard scores were substantially among children between 4 years, 0 months lower than those reported for the norm and 6 years, 11 months from very low income groups. By the second criterion, the value of families as it is among children of this age the daP as a culture-fair measure of intelli- or slightly older from less economically de- gence remains in question for children in sam- prived backgrounds. ples heterogeneous for socioeconomic status, Age and validity. The validity of the DaP although within this very low income sample for school children has previously been re- the daP was less affected than the PPVT ported to decrease with age, being higher for by factors associated with ethnic group and children in kindergarten and the first grade sex. than for children older than 9 years(Ellis REFERENCES 1953; Kennedy Lindner, 1964; Pringle Pickup 1963; Vane Kessler, 1964).As ANASTASI, A ,& D'ANGELo, R. A comparison of Ne ample size increases, correlation magnitude gro and white preschool children in language de velopment and Goodenough Draw-A-Man IQ tend to decrease. If sample size is considered Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1952, 81,147-165 in this preschool sample, the DAP/PPVt BARRETT, L S, SEMMEL, M. I,& WELNER, P. D A raw-score correlations tend to increase with mparison of the psycholinguistic fur age. The lower congruent validity of the DAP " educationally deprived"and"educationally ad for the younger children suggests that th ng of the american Educational Research Associ- value of the daP as a measure of intelligence ation, Chicago, February 1965 in children may be curvilinear with respect to BLISS, M,,& BEROER, A. Measurement of me age, increasing from 3-5 years and decreasing indicated by the male figure drawings of the after about 8 years of age mentally subnormal using Goodenough and Mach Performance and verbal measures. The con- Deficiency, 1954,59,73 gruent validity of the DaP was higher for BowERS, N D,& GILES, G C. Social class, sex and performance (56)than for verbal ( 45) ge differences in sex role identity as inferred fror abilities, regardless of age, sex, or ethnic children,'s drawings of men and women.Paper group. Similar results have been reported by logical Association, New York, September 1966 Pringle and Pickup (1963)and Harris CoMMINs, w D, CoRT, H.R., HENDERSON, N.H., (1959). These correlations were, however, O'KEEPE, R. A, A study of the 1966 full-yed considerably lower than the PPVT/PSI cor- Head Start programs. Preliminary Report D1268 relation of. 73; the PSI would appear to have OE0-1308, Office of Economic Opportunity. nning ontract more reliable variance associated with a DENNis, w. Goodenough scores, art experience, and verbal than with a performance measure of oderation. Journal of Social Psychology, 1966 intelligence. 68,211-228.INTELLIGENCE IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN FROM VERY Low INCOME FAMILIES 629 grade children and with the .39 DAP/PPVT raw-score correlation obtained in a sample of 5- to 6-year-old Head Start children (Eisen￾berg & Conners, 1966); The DAP/PPVT standard-score product-moment correlations ranged .19-.S2; these correlations, while lower than the raw-score correlations, were significant at g .01. The single exception was .22 obtained for 3-year-old children. Test bias has been defined (Educational Testing Service, 1966) as the consistent over￾or underprediction of a criterion in one sub￾group as compared to another subgroup, so that equally high predictive validity within subgroups would indicate a lack of bias. If this definition is extended to congruent valid￾ity, the value of the DAP as an estimate of general intelligence appears to be as high among children between 4 years, 0 months and 6 years, 11 months from very low income families as it is among children of this age or slightly older from less economically de￾prived backgrounds. Age and validity. The validity of the DAP for school children has previously been re￾ported to decrease with age, being higher for children in kindergarten and the first grade than for children older than 9 years (Ellis, 19S3; Kennedy & Lindner, 1964; Pringle & Pickup, 1963; Vane & Kessler, 1964). As sample size increases, correlation magnitudes tend to decrease. If sample size is considered in this preschool sample, the DAP/PPVT raw-score correlations tend to increase with age. The lower congruent validity of the DAP for the younger children suggests that the value of the DAP as a measure of intelligence in children may be curvilinear with respect to age, increasing from 3-5 years and decreasing after about 8 years of age. Performance and verbal measures. The con￾gruent validity of the DAP was higher for performance (.56) than for verbal (.45) abilities, regardless of age, sex, or ethnic group. Similar results have been reported by Pringle and Pickup (1963) and Harris (1959). These correlations were, however, considerably lower than the PPVT/PSI cor￾relation of .73; the PSI would appear to have more reliable variance associated with a verbal than with a performance measure of intelligence. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The DAP, the PPVT, and the PSI were administered to a nationally representative sample of 956 children attending 1966 Proj￾ect Head Start full-year classes. Among chil￾dren from 4 years, 0 months to 6 years, 11 months, the DAP/PPVT and DAP/PSI cor￾relations compared favorably with validity coefficients previously reported for children from less deprived homes. Among younger children, the congruent validity of the DAP was lower. Neither sex nor ethnic group sig￾nificantly affected DAP correlations; the DAP thus meets one criterion of a culture￾fair measure. On both the PPVT and the DAP, however, the mean standard scores were substantially lower than those reported for the norm groups. By the second criterion, the value of the DAP as a culture-fair measure of intelli￾gence remains in question for children in sam￾ples heterogeneous for socioeconomic status, although within this very low income sample, the DAP was less affected than the PPVT by factors associated with ethnic group and sex. REFERENCES ANASTASI, A., & D'ANGELO, R. A comparison of Ne￾gro and white preschool children in language de￾velopment and Goodenough Draw-A-Man IQ. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1952, 81, 147-165. BARRETT, L. S., SEMMEL, M. I., & WEENER, P. D. A comparison of the psycholinguistic functioning of "educationally deprived" and "educationally ad￾vantaged" children. Paper presented at the meet￾ing of the American Educational Research Associ￾ation, Chicago, February 196S. BLISS, M., & BERGER, A. Measurement of mental age as indicated by the male figure drawings of the mentally subnormal using Goodenough and Mach￾over instructions. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 1954, 59, 73-79. BOWERS, N. D., & GILES, G. C. Social class, sex and age differences in sex role identity as inferred from children's drawings of men and women. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psycho￾logical Association, New York, September 1966. COMMINS, W. D., CORT, H. R., HENDERSON, N. H., & O'KEEFE, R. A. A study of the 1966 full-year Head Start programs. Preliminary Report D1268, 1967, Planning Research Corporation, Contract OEO-1308, Office of Economic Opportunity. DENNIS, W. Goodenough scores, art experience, and moderation. Journal of Social Psychology, 1966, 68, 211-228