A/CONE.187八9 Contents L. Introduction 1-5 A. Consequences of corruption 14-195 B. Top-level corruption 20-226 C. Corruption in public administration and the criminal justice system 23-24 D. Corruption in the private sector 25-28 7 The ed A. National measures 34-44 B. Prevention 45-48 C. Use of statistical data to understand the dimensions of corruption 49-5610 D. Future areas of concern 57-6111 IV. International experience and activities A. United Nations 64-6811 European Union 69-7012 C. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development 71-7413 D. Council of Europe 75-7713 E. World Bank 78-8114 F Other bodies and mechanisms V. Measures required to succeed in the fight against corruption 88-9015 IV. ConclusionA/CONF.187/9 3 Contents Paragraphs Page I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5 4 II. Aspects and causes of corruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-33 4 A. Consequences of corruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-19 5 B. Top-level corruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-22 6 C. Corruption in public administration and the criminal justice system . . . . . . . . . 23-24 6 D. Corruption in the private sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-28 7 E. The link to organized crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-33 7 III. Responses to corruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-61 8 A. National measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-44 8 B. Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45-48 9 C. Use of statistical data to understand the dimensions of corruption . . . . . . . . . . . 49-56 10 D. Future areas of concern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57-61 11 IV. International experience and activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62-87 11 A. United Nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64-68 11 B. European Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69-70 12 C. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71-74 13 D. Council of Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75-77 13 E. World Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78-81 14 F. Other bodies and mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82-87 14 V. Measures required to succeed in the fight against corruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88-90 15 IV. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91-94 17