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Journal of the American Ceramic Sociery-Lee et al. Vol 87. No. 7 ( The cyclic fatigue limits of the crack-healed specimens I6Y. W. Kim, K. Ando, and M. C. Chu, "Crack Healing Behavior of (oo) at 900 and 1100C were 700 and 500 MPa. The ratio of cyclic fatigue limit(o) to the bending strength of the crack- M. C. Chu, S. Sato, Y. Kobayashi, and K. Ando,"Damage healed specimens(oB) at 900oC was more than 90%, i.e., eoB Mat engthening Behaviour in Intelligent Mullite/SiC Ceramics, Fatigue Fract. Eng >90%o, while the U/on of the crack-healed ndo, T Ikeda, S. Sato, F, Yao, and Y. Kobayashi, "A Preliminary Study on was about 75%. Moreover the values of g Crack Healing Behaviour of SiaN,/SiC Composite Ceramics, Fatigue Fract. Eng. specimens at 900 and 1 100oC were 800 and 700 MPa, respec- Mater. Struct,21,119-22(1998) tively. The ratios of cyclic fatigue limit to the bending strength of S K. Lee, w. Ishida, and K. Ando, "Strength Properties of Crack-Healed Silicon ach specimen at 1100C are more than 75%, i.e., Ua oB>75% Carbide Ceramics"(in Jpn ),J. Soc. Mater. Sci. Jpn, 52, 674-80(2002 20Y. Z. Zhang, L. Edwards, and W. J. Plumbridge, "Crack Healing in a Silicon The ratio of o/oB decreases with increasing test temperature. Nitride Ceramics, J.Anm. Ceram. Soc., 81, 34-37(1998). However, it can be said that the ratio of o on is sufficiently high, 2K. Ando, K. Furusawa, M. C. Chu, T. Hanagata, K. Tuji, and S. Sato, even at 1100°C icon Carbide Ceramics and the 4) From the above results, crack-healed Al,O/SiC-W w Resultant Fatigue Strength, J. Am. Ceram Soc., 84[9]2073-78(200 not sensitive to static and cyclic fatigue at room tem 2Y. Korous, M. C. Chu, M. Nakatani, and K. Ando, "Crack Healing Behavior of SiC Ceramics, J. Am. Ceram Soc., 83(11 2788-92(2000 high temperature. Therefore, the combination of crack lg an 2F. Yao, K. Ando, M. C. Chu, and S. Sato,"Crack-Healing Behavior, High- whisker reinforcement is very useful for static and cyclic fatigue Strength of Sic-Reinforced Silicon Nitride Composite, J. high temperature F. Yao, K. Ando, M. C. Chu, and S Sato, "Static and Cyclic Fatigue Behaviour References of Crack-Healed Si, N//SiC Composite Ceramics, J. Eur. Ceran. Soc., 21, 991-97 Ando, M. C. Chu, K. Tsuji, T Hit irasawa, Y Kobayashi, and S Sato, "Crack A. Nakahira, G. Sasaki, and M. Hirabayashi, "Development of Strong posites, Proc. Int. Meet Aav. Mater. Mater. Res. Soc. JpvL, 4 Healing Behavior of Mullite/SiC Composite Ceramics, "J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 22, 1313-1902002) 24-34(1989) K. Houjyou, M. C. Chu, S Takeshita, K. Takahashi, S Sakamoto, and Niihara,"New Design Concept of Structural Ceramics Nanocomposites, S. Sato, "Crack-Healing Behavior of Si3N//SiC Ceramics Under Stress and Fatigue 3. Zhao, L. C. Stearns, M. P. Harmer, H. M. Chan, and G. A Miller,"Mechan Strength at the Temperature of Healing(1000C),J. Eur. Ceram Soc., 22, 1339-46 Behavior of Alumina-Silicon Nanocomposites, "J. Am. Ceram Soc., 762)503- (2002 (1993) 27K. Ando, K. Takahashi, S Nakayama, and S. Saito, "Crack-Healing Behavior of Alumina. " J. Anm. Ceram. Soc,6712(C257C269(9 Si3N/SiC Ceramics under Cyclic Stress and Resultant Fatigue Strength at the Healing Temperature, "J. Am. Ceram Soc., 85[9] 2268-72(2002 SG. C. Wei and P. F. Becher "Development of SiC-Whisker-Reinforced Ceram- 2*Takahashi, B. S. Kim, M. C. Chu, S. Sato, and K. Ando, " Cracked-healing ics,"Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull, 64 [2]298-304(1985)- Behavior of SiaN /SiC Ceramics Under Stress and Static Fatigue Strength at th J. Homeny, W.L. Vaughn, and M. K. Ferber, "Silicon Carbide Whisker/Alumina lealing Temperatures of 800, 900, 1000C,J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 23, 1971-78 Cm9楼( Irface Treatment on Fracture Toughness, 2003) ndo,“ Crack- Healin 7E. S. Fisher, M. H. Manghnani, and J. F. Wang, "Elastic Properties of Al2O3 and of Al2O, Toughened by SiC Whiskers, "J.A. Ceram Soc., 86[ 12]2143-47(2003) Si3N4 Matrix Composites with Sic Whisker Reinforcement,J. Am. Ceram Soc., 75 3K. Jakus, T. Service, and J. E. Ritter Jr, "High-Tem Fatigue Behavior olycrystalline Alumina, "J. Am. Ceran. Soc., 63[1]4-7(1980) H E. Kim and A.J. Moorhead, "Oxidation Behavior and Effects of Oxidation on T, Kawakubo and K, Komeya, "Static and Cyclic Fatigue Behavior of a Sn the Strength of Sic-Whisker-Reinforced Alumina, J. Mater. Sci., 29, 1656-61 Silicon Nitride at Room Temperature,J.An. Ceram. Soc., 706]400-405(1987) 3R. H. Dauskardt, M. R. James, J.R. Porter, and R.O.Ritchie,"Cyclic F. F. Lange and K. C. Radford, ""Healing of Surface Cracks in Polycrystalline Fatigue-Crack Growth in a SiC-Whisker-Reinforced Alumina Ceramic Composite: Al2O3,”J.Am. Ceran.Soc,s30-1l420-21(1970) gupta, "Crack Healing and Strengthening of Thermally Shocked Alumin Long- and Small-Crack Behavior, J. An Ceram Soc., 75 14]759-71(1992)- J.Am. Ceran.Soc,59[5-6259-62(1976) 3L. R. Deobald and A.S. Kobayashi, "Dynamic Fracture Characterization of IA. M. Thompson, H. M. Chan, M. P. Harmer, and R. F. Cook, "Crack Healing Al2O, and SICwIAl2O3, " J. Am. Ceram Soc., 75 [10]2867-70(1992 Stress Relaxation in Al2O SiC Nanocomposites, "J.Am. Ceram Soc., 783] S. Leung, E. G. Mehrtens, G. T. Stevens, S. Bandyopadhyay, and C. C. Sorrell "On High Temperature Mechanical and Fracture Properties of an AlO3/SiCw 12J. E. Moffatt, W. J. Plumbridge, and R. Hermann, "High Temperature Crack C= posite,1m(① Annealing Effect on Fracture Toughness of Alumina and Alumina-SiC Composite Fatigue in SiC-Whisker-Reinforced Silicon Nitride Composite, Mater. Sci. Eng L. A Chou, H M. Chan, and M. P. Harmer, ""Effect of Annealing Environmen on the Crack Healing and Mechanical Behavior of Silicon Carbide-Reinforced 36D. S. Jacobs and 1-w. Chen. "Mechanical and Environmental Factors in the Nanocomposites, J. An Cyclic and Static Fatigue of Silicon Nitride,JAm. Ceram Soc., 77[5] 1153-61 umina and Strength of Crack-Healed Member"(in Jpn ),J. Soc. Mate K. J. Lin and D. F. Socie, "Static and Cyclic Fatigue of Alumina at High Sc.Jm,526667-73(200 Temperature, J Am Ceram Soc., 74 [7] 1511-18(1991)- K. Ando, M. C. Chu, F. Yao, and S Sato, "Fatigue Strength of Crack Healed masuda, T. Sowa, M. Matsui, and 1. Oda, "Fatigue of Ceramics(P Si3N,SiC Composite Ceramics, Fatigue Fract Eng. Mater. Struct, 22 [10] 3HCyclic Fatigue Behavior of Sintered Si3 N4 of High Temperature,JCeram Jn,97,612-18(1989(3) The cyclic fatigue limits of the crack-healed specimens (f0) at 900° and 1100°C were 700 and 500 MPa. The ratio of cyclic fatigue limit (f0) to the bending strength of the crackhealed specimens (B) at 900°C was more than 90%, i.e., f0/B 90%, while the f0/B of the crack-healed specimens at 1100°C was about 75%. Moreover, the values of f0 for the heat-treated specimens at 900° and 1100°C were 800 and 700 MPa, respectively. The ratios of cyclic fatigue limit to the bending strength of each specimen at 1100°C are more than 75%, i.e., f0/B 75%. The ratio of f0/B decreases with increasing test temperature. However, it can be said that the ratio of f0/B is sufficiently high, even at 1100°C. (4) From the above results, crack-healed Al2O3/SiC-W was not sensitive to static and cyclic fatigue at room temperature and high temperature. Therefore, the combination of crack-healing and whisker reinforcement is very useful for static and cyclic fatigue at high temperatures. References 1 K. Niihara, A. Nakahira, G. Sasaki, and M. Hirabayashi, “Development of Strong Al2O3/SiC Composites,” Proc. Int. Meet. Adv. Mater., Mater. Res. Soc. Jpn., 4, 124–34 (1989). 2 K. Niihara, “New Design Concept of Structural Ceramics Nanocomposites,” J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn., 99 [10] 974–82 (1991). 3 J. Zhao, L. C. Stearns, M. P. Harmer, H. M. Chan, and G. A. Miller, “Mechanical Behavior of Alumina–Silicon Nanocomposites,” J. Am. Ceram. 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Gupta, “Crack Healing and Strengthening of Thermally Shocked Alumina,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 59 [5–6] 259–62 (1976). 11A. M. Thompson, H. M. Chan, M. P. Harmer, and R. F. Cook, “Crack Healing and Stress Relaxation in Al2O3–SiC Nanocomposites,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 78 [3] 567–71 (1995). 12J. E. Moffatt, W. J. Plumbridge, and R. Hermann, “High Temperature Crack Annealing Effect on Fracture Toughness of Alumina and Alumina–SiC Composite,” Br. Ceram. Trans., 95 [1] 23–29 (1996). 13I. A. Chou, H. M. Chan, and M. P. Harmer, “Effect of Annealing Environment on the Crack Healing and Mechanical Behavior of Silicon Carbide-Reinforced Alumina Nanocomposites,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 81 [5] 1203–208 (1998). 14B. S. Kim, K. Ando, M. C. Chu, and S. Saito, “Crack-Healing Behavior of Monolithic Alumina and Strength of Crack-Healed Member” (in Jpn.), J. Soc. Mater. Sci. Jpn., 52 [6] 667–73 (2002). 15K. Ando, M. C. Chu, F. Yao, and S. 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Hanagata, K. Tuji, and S. Sato, “Crack-Healing Behavior under Stress of Mullite/Silicon Carbide Ceramics and the Resultant Fatigue Strength,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 84 [9] 2073–78 (2001). 22Y. Korous, M. C. Chu, M. Nakatani, and K. Ando, “Crack Healing Behavior of SiC Ceramics,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 83 [11] 2788–92 (2000). 23F. Yao, K. Ando, M. C. Chu, and S. Sato, “Crack-Healing Behavior, Hightemperature and Fatigue Strength of SiC-Reinforced Silicon Nitride Composite,” J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 12 [19] 1081–83 (2000). 24F. Yao, K. Ando, M. C. Chu, and S. Sato, “Static and Cyclic Fatigue Behaviour of Crack-Healed Si3N4/SiC Composite Ceramics,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 21, 991–97 (2001). 25K. Ando, M. C. Chu, K. Tsuji, T. Hirasawa, Y. Kobayashi, and S. Sato, “Crack Healing Behavior of Mullite/SiC Composite Ceramics,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 22, 1313–19 (2002). 26K. Ando, K. Houjyou, M. C. Chu, S. Takeshita, K. Takahashi, S. Sakamoto, and S. Sato, “Crack-Healing Behavior of Si3N4/SiC Ceramics Under Stress and Fatigue Strength at the Temperature of Healing (1000°C),” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 22, 1339–46 (2002). 27K. Ando, K. Takahashi, S. Nakayama, and S. Saito, “Crack-Healing Behavior of Si3N4/SiC Ceramics under Cyclic Stress and Resultant Fatigue Strength at the Healing Temperature,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 85 [9] 2268–72 (2002). 28Takahashi, B. S. Kim, M. C. Chu, S. Sato, and K. Ando, “Cracked-Healing Behavior of Si3N4/SiC Ceramics Under Stress and Static Fatigue Strength at the Healing Temperatures of 800, 900, 1000°C,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 23, 1971–78 (2003). 29K. Takahashi, M. Yokouchi, S. K. Lee, and K. Ando, “Crack-Healing Behavior of Al2O3 Toughened by SiC Whiskers,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 86 [12] 2143–47 (2003). 30K. Jakus, T. Service, and J. E. Ritter Jr., “High-Temperature Fatigue Behavior of Polycrystalline Alumina,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 63 [1] 4–7 (1980). 31T. Kawakubo and K. Komeya, “Static and Cyclic Fatigue Behavior of a Sintered Silicon Nitride at Room Temperature,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 70 [6] 400–405 (1987). 32R. H. Dauskardt, M. R. James, J. R. Porter, and R. O. Ritchie, “Cyclic Fatigue-Crack Growth in a SiC-Whisker-Reinforced Alumina Ceramic Composite: Long- and Small-Crack Behavior,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 75 [4] 759–71 (1992). 33L. R. Deobald and A. S. Kobayashi, “Dynamic Fracture Characterization of Al2O3 and SiCW/Al2O3,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 75 [10] 2867–70 (1992). 34S. Leung, E. G. Mehrtens, G. T. Stevens, S. Bandyopadhyay, and C. C. Sorrell, “On High Temperature Mechanical and Fracture Properties of an Al2O3/SiCw Ceramic Matrix Composite,” J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 13, 817–20 (1994). 35S. Zhu, M. Mizuno, Y. Kagawa, Y. Nagano, and H. Kaya, “Static and Cyclic Fatigue in SiC-Whisker-Reinforced Silicon Nitride Composite,” Mater. Sci. Eng., A251, 113–20 (2002). 36D. S. Jacobs and I-W. Chen, “Mechanical and Environmental Factors in the Cyclic and Static Fatigue of Silicon Nitride,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 77 [5] 1153–61 (1994). 37C.-K. J. Lin and D. F. Socie, “Static and Cyclic Fatigue of Alumina at High Temperature,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 74 [7] 1511–18 (1991). 38M. Masuda, T. Sowa, M. Matsui, and I. Oda, “Fatigue of Ceramics (Part 3)—Cyclic Fatigue Behavior of Sintered Si3N4 of High Temperature,” J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn., 97, 612–18 (1989). 1264 Journal of the American Ceramic Society—Lee et al. Vol. 87, No. 7