stand for. In order to know which sound to use in a given word or sentence, it is necessary to construct a set of symbols to accurately represent the sound of actual speech. This set of symbols is called phonetic transcription. The modern phonetic transcription that is most widely used now is the International Phonetic Alphabet The characteristic of this transcription is that each symbol must always represent one sound and never any other and one sound must be represented by only one symbol AHD表示美语发音, The American Heritage Dictionary of the eng ish Language(简称AD) KK音标是一套(注音符号系统),是由 John Samuel Kenyon和Joh n albert Knott两位美国学者共编著的发音词典 a Pronouncing Di ctionary of American1956中用于标注美式发音的符号系统,这是 一套最常用的也是最权威的注音法,从此人们把美语标准发音惯称为KK音 标 DJ是根据英国学者 Daniel Jones编的英语发音字典( English Pronou ncing Dictionary,1963)中的标音而来 英式读音根据的是 English Pronouncing Dictionary《英语正音辞典》。 它们代表了被称为“ Received Pronuciation”(RP)(标准读音)的读音 这在受过教育的英国人尤其是南部英格兰人中通用。 1888年国际语音协会( International phonetic association)的语 言学家便制定出一套可国际通用的语音符号叫国际音标符号(IPA- Intern ational Phonetic Alphabet),希望以一个符号代表一音,并避免各人使用 一套自己的符号所产生的不便。 国内的英文字典里最常见的音标为英式发音的国际音标(DJ)和美式 发音的KK音标,前者乃根据 Daniel Jones编的英语发音字典( English P renouncing Dictionary,1963),后者则是根据 John S. Kenyon& Thomas A. Knott二氏的美语发音字典( A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English,1956)。值得一提的是,KK音标所使用的符号均从前面提到的 国际音标符号(IPA)而来, Kenyon& Knott二氏仅将其中适用于美式英语 的符号截取出来。 Part 2 The organs of speech In order to study speech sounds, it is necessary to have an idea of the organs of speech and their functions. The organs of speech are as follows: (see the picture. When the tongue is in the position of rest, the blade with the tip lies opposite the teeth ridge, the middle of the tongue lies opposite the hard palate and the back of the tongue lies opposite the soft palate The air passes from the lungs into the windpipe, then through the larynx into the pharynx and into the mouth cavity. If the soft palate is lowered, the air passesstand for. In order to know which sound to use in a given word or sentence, it is necessary to construct a set of symbols to accurately represent the sound of actual speech. This set of symbols is called phonetic transcription. The modern phonetic transcription that is most widely used now is the International Phonetic Alphabet. The characteristic of this transcription is that each symbol must always represent one sound and never any other and one sound must be represented by only one symbol. AHD 表示美语发音,The American Heritage Dictionary of the Engl ish Language（简称 AHD） KK 音标是一套(注音符号系统),是由 John Samuel Kenyon 和 Joh n Albert Knott 两位美国学者共编著的发音词典 A Pronouncing Di ctionary of American1956 中用于标注美式发音的符号系统, 这是 一套最常用的也是最权威的注音法，从此人们把美语标准发音惯称为 KK 音 标。 DJ 是根据英国学者 Daniel Jones 编的英语发音字典 (English Pronou ncing Dictionary, 1963)中的标音而来. 英式读音根据的是 English Pronouncing Dictionary 《英语正音辞典》。 它们代表了被称为“Received Pronuciation”（RP）（标准读音）的读音， 这在受过教育的英国人尤其是南部英格兰人中通用。 1888 年国际语音协会 (International Phonetic Association) 的语 言学家便制定出一套可国际通用的语音符号叫国际音标符号 (IPA─Intern ational Phonetic Alphabet)，希望以一个符号代表一音，并避免各人使用 一套自己的符号所产生的不便。 国内的英文字典里最常见的音标为英式发音的国际音标 (DJ) 和美式 发音的 KK 音标，前者乃根据 Daniel Jones 编的英语发音字典 (English P ronouncing Dictionary, 1963)，后者则是根据 John S. Kenyon & Thomas A. Knott 二氏的美语发音字典 (A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English, 1956) 。值得一提的是，KK 音标所使用的符号均从前面提到的 国际音标符号 (IPA) 而来，Kenyon & Knott 二氏仅将其中适用于美式英语 的符号截取出来。 Part 2 The organs of speech In order to study speech sounds, it is necessary to have an idea of the organs of speech and their functions. The organs of speech are as follows: (see the picture.) When the tongue is in the position of rest, the blade with the tip lies opposite the teeth ridge, the middle of the tongue lies opposite the hard palate and the back of the tongue lies opposite the soft palate. The air passes from the lungs into the windpipe, then through the larynx into the pharynx and into the mouth cavity. If the soft palate is lowered, the air passes