数学中国 The Most is Not the Best 15 National insurance. The main countries using this system are the UK, Eastern Europe, and Russia. The government dominates, healthcare is free, with full medical treatment and complete coverage of the popula tion. But it doesnt have high efficiency or make use of the market, and it is a heavy burden to the government. Commercial insurance. The U.S. is the main country using this system, which makes the market the guideline of the healthcare system. Cost is high, and a large number of people fail to pay. Socialinsurance. This system features mandatory coverage and fairness, as in Japan, Germany, and Canada. It has high cost and slow service. Savings insurance. Singapore is the representative country. The main disadvantage is a low service efficiency. Costs rise rapidly, and it cannot achieve full coverage Analysis of the wHo Estimation Method The WHO,'s methuds focus un the outcomes of a healthcare system with out considering any characteristics of the system itself The metrics that the WHO uses to evaluate a healthcare system aim to measure goal attainment, and they include most of the outcomes that a healthcare system should produce Weaknesses The weights placed on each dimension are somewhat arbitrar The approach heavily penalizes countries with epidemic disease unre- Lated to the healthcare system. This approach does not look at how the system is organized and man- The WHO 2000 rankings do not look at access, utilization, quality, or cost-effectiveness In addition, according to Almeida et al. [ 2001, 1693: The measure of health inequalities does not reflect concerns about eqr uity Important methodologicallimitatiuns and controversiesare not acknowl-数学中国 www.madio.net