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工程科学学报.第42卷,第2期:249-256.2020年2月 Chinese Journal of Engineering,Vol.42,No.2:249-256,February 2020 https://doi.org/10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2019.08.03.002;http://cje.ustb.edu.cn 基于外部单目视觉的仿生扑翼飞行器室内定高控制 付强2)区,张树禹2),王久斌2),冯富森2 1)北京科技大学自动化学院,北京1000832)北京科技大学人工智能研究院.北京100083 ☒通信作者,E-mail:fuqiang(@ustb.edu.cn 摘要针对扑翼飞行器的定高飞行,设计了基于外部单目视觉的室内定高控制系统:通过外部单目相机获取扑翼飞行器的 飞行图像,基于Qt编写的地面站软件接收图像并利用基于OpenCV的图像处理算法检测扑翼飞行器上的发光标识点,获得 标识点在图像上的像素坐标;基于卡尔曼滤波器(KF)建立标识点像素坐标的运动状态估计器,降低环境噪声干扰并解决了 标识点被短暂遮挡的问题:分别建立常规PD和单神经元PD控制系统,通过蓝牙控制扑翼飞行器的电机转速,实现了基于 图像的扑翼飞行器室内定高飞行.对比实验结果表明,本文设计的定高飞行控制系统可以使扑翼飞行器标记点的图像坐标 保持在外部单目相机图像的中心横线处.针对阶跃响应信号,单神经元PD控制系统的响应速度比常规PD控制系统响应 速度稍慢一些,但是控制精度明显优于常规PD控制器,最大相对误差为3% 关键词单目视觉:扑翼飞行器:定高控制:视觉伺服:图像误差 分类号TP242.6 Indoor fixed-height control for bio-inspired flapping-wing aerial vehicles based on off- board monocular vision FU Qiang2,ZHANG Shu-yu2,WANG Jiu-bin 2,FENG Fu-sen'2) 1)School of Automation and Electrical Engineering,University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083,China 2)Institute of Artificial Intelligence,University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083,China Corresponding author,E-mail:fuqiang @ustb.edu.cn ABSTRACT The flapping-wing aerial vehicle(FWAV)is a new kind of aerial vehicle that imitates the flapping wings of birds or insects during flight and has the advantages of flexible flight,high flight efficiency,and good concealment compared with the fixed-wing and the rotary-wing aerial vehicles.Therefore,the FWAV has attracted considerable attention in recent years.However,the flight mechanism of the FWAV is complex and has many motion parameters with strong coupling.Thus,establishing a precise and practical motion model is difficult.At the same time,given the limited weight and load capacity of small FWAVs,it cannot carry accurate but heavy positioning equipment.Thus,many problems in autonomous flight control of FWAVs need to be addressed at this stage.For the fixed-height flight of FWAVs,an indoor fixed-height control system based on off-board monocular vision was designed.First,image sequences of the FWAV were obtained using the off-board monocular camera.Then,the ground station software based on Qt received the images,detected the light-emitting feature point on the FWAV,and obtained the pixel coordinates of the feature point on each image using the OpenCv image processing algorithms.On the basis of the Kalman filter,the image state estimator of the feature point was established to reduce the environmental interference and solve the temporal missing data problem of the feature point.Finally,the conventional and single-neuron PID control systems were established,where the motor speed of the FWAV was controlled by Bluetooth, 收稿日期:2019-08-03 基金项目:装备预研教育部联合基金资助项目(6141A02033339):中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(FRF-TP.18-100A1):国家自 然科学基金资助项目(61803025)基于外部单目视觉的仿生扑翼飞行器室内定高控制 付    强1,2) 苣,张树禹1,2),王久斌1,2),冯富森1,2) 1) 北京科技大学自动化学院,北京 100083    2) 北京科技大学人工智能研究院,北京 100083 苣通信作者,E-mail: fuqiang@ustb.edu.cn 摘    要    针对扑翼飞行器的定高飞行,设计了基于外部单目视觉的室内定高控制系统:通过外部单目相机获取扑翼飞行器的 飞行图像,基于 Qt 编写的地面站软件接收图像并利用基于 OpenCV 的图像处理算法检测扑翼飞行器上的发光标识点,获得 标识点在图像上的像素坐标;基于卡尔曼滤波器(KF)建立标识点像素坐标的运动状态估计器,降低环境噪声干扰并解决了 标识点被短暂遮挡的问题;分别建立常规 PID 和单神经元 PID 控制系统,通过蓝牙控制扑翼飞行器的电机转速,实现了基于 图像的扑翼飞行器室内定高飞行. 对比实验结果表明,本文设计的定高飞行控制系统可以使扑翼飞行器标记点的图像坐标 保持在外部单目相机图像的中心横线处. 针对阶跃响应信号,单神经元 PID 控制系统的响应速度比常规 PID 控制系统响应 速度稍慢一些,但是控制精度明显优于常规 PID 控制器,最大相对误差为 3%. 关键词    单目视觉;扑翼飞行器;定高控制;视觉伺服;图像误差 分类号    TP242.6 Indoor fixed-height control for bio-inspired flapping-wing aerial vehicles based on off￾board monocular vision FU Qiang1,2) 苣 ,ZHANG Shu-yu1,2) ,WANG Jiu-bin1,2) ,FENG Fu-sen1,2) 1) School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China 2) Institute of Artificial Intelligence, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China 苣 Corresponding author, E-mail: fuqiang@ustb.edu.cn ABSTRACT    The  flapping-wing  aerial  vehicle  (FWAV)  is  a  new  kind  of  aerial  vehicle  that  imitates  the  flapping  wings  of  birds  or insects during flight and has the advantages of flexible flight, high flight efficiency, and good concealment compared with the fixed-wing and  the  rotary-wing  aerial  vehicles.  Therefore,  the  FWAV  has  attracted  considerable  attention  in  recent  years.  However,  the  flight mechanism of the FWAV is complex and has many motion parameters with strong coupling. Thus, establishing a precise and practical motion model is difficult. At the same time, given the limited weight and load capacity of small FWAVs, it cannot carry accurate but heavy positioning equipment. Thus, many problems in autonomous flight control of FWAVs need to be addressed at this stage. For the fixed-height flight of FWAVs, an indoor fixed-height control system based on off-board monocular vision was designed. First, image sequences of the FWAV were obtained using the off-board monocular camera. Then, the ground station software based on Qt received the images, detected the light-emitting feature point on the FWAV, and obtained the pixel coordinates of the feature point on each image using the OpenCV image processing algorithms. On the basis of the Kalman filter, the image state estimator of the feature point was established  to  reduce  the  environmental  interference  and  solve  the  temporal  missing  data  problem  of  the  feature  point.  Finally,  the conventional and single-neuron PID control systems were established, where the motor speed of the FWAV was controlled by Bluetooth, 收稿日期: 2019−08−03 基金项目: 装备预研教育部联合基金资助项目 (6141A02033339);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目 (FRF-TP-18-100A1);国家自 然科学基金资助项目 (61803025) 工程科学学报,第 42 卷,第 2 期:249−256,2020 年 2 月 Chinese Journal of Engineering, Vol. 42, No. 2: 249−256, February 2020 https://doi.org/10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2019.08.03.002; http://cje.ustb.edu.cn
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