14 K.Pilkington et al.Journal of Affective Disorders 89 (2005)13-24 Contents 1. Introduction 4 2. Yoga.·· 15 3. Aim and objectives......·· 15 4. Methods.-.········ 4.1. Summary of the search strategy 15 4.2. Databases searched......... 5. Search terms.,,....,··· 18 6. Filtering...········ 18 7. Selection criteria.·· 18 7.1. Types of studies 7.2. Types of participants.. 18 7.3. Types of intervention. 18 7.4. Types of outcome measures 18 8. Data collection and analysis.... 8 9. Clinical commentaries..··· 9 10. Main results........... 19 11. Summary of the studies. 19 12. Conclusions.····· Acknowledgements 2 References.···· 22 1.Introduction in the USA to examine the relationship between mental disorders and the use of complementary therapies.The Mental health problems such as depression,anxiety sample of 14,985 included those reporting psychologi- and insomnia are amongst the most common reasons cal distress or mental health service use in addition to for individuals to seek treatment with complementary non-distressed nonusers.Analysis of the 9585 com- therapies.Consequently.several surveys have been pleted interviews indicated a high rate of use of com- conducted which focus on this area. plementary therapies in adults who met criteria for Davidson and colleagues carried out a study to common psychiatric disorders.22.4%of respondents determine the frequency of psychiatric disorders in who met the criteria for major depression had used patients receiving complementary medical care in the complementary and alternative medicine during the UK and the USA (Davidson et al.,1998).The authors past 12 months.A similar survey of a nationally repre- found that psychiatric disorders were relatively fre- sentative sample of 2055 respondents revealed that 7.2% quent.Based on rates of lifetime psychiatric diag- reported suffering from"severe depression"(Kessler et noses,a total of 74%of the British patients and al.,2001).A total of 53.6%of those with severe 60.6%of the American patients had a diagnosis. depression reported using complementary and alterna- Major depression(52%of UK and 33.3%of USA) tive medicine for treatment in the past 12 months. and any anxiety disorders(50%of UK and 33.3%of A trend towards increasing use of complementary USA)were the commonest lifetime diagnoses.Rates therapies among people with major depression was of current psychiatric disorder were 46%of the UK demonstrated by a study conducted in Canada (Wang patients and 30.3%of the USA patients.Six percent et al.,2001).Analysis of data from the National of the total suffered from major depression and 25.3% Population Health Surveys indicated that the preva- of the total met the criteria for at least one anxiety lence of use in those with major depression was 7.8% disorder. (19.4%including chiropractic)in 1994-1995 and Unutzer et al.(2000)used data from a national 12.9%(23.8%including chiropractic)in 1996-1997 household telephone survey conducted in 1997-1998 Finally,the findings of a recent Australian postalContents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2. Yoga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3. Aim and objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4. Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.1. Summary of the search strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.2. Databases searched . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 5. Search terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 6. Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 7. Selection criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 7.1. Types of studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 7.2. Types of participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 7.3. Types of intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 7.4. Types of outcome measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 8. Data collection and analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 9. Clinical commentaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 10. Main results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 11. Summary of the studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 12. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1. Introduction Mental health problems such as depression, anxiety and insomnia are amongst the most common reasons for individuals to seek treatment with complementary therapies. Consequently, several surveys have been conducted which focus on this area. Davidson and colleagues carried out a study to determine the frequency of psychiatric disorders in patients receiving complementary medical care in the UK and the USA (Davidson et al., 1998). The authors found that psychiatric disorders were relatively fre￾quent. Based on rates of lifetime psychiatric diag￾noses, a total of 74% of the British patients and 60.6% of the American patients had a diagnosis. Major depression (52% of UK and 33.3% of USA) and any anxiety disorders (50% of UK and 33.3% of USA) were the commonest lifetime diagnoses. Rates of current psychiatric disorder were 46% of the UK patients and 30.3% of the USA patients. Six percent of the total suffered from major depression and 25.3% of the total met the criteria for at least one anxiety disorder. Unutzer et al. (2000) used data from a national household telephone survey conducted in 1997–1998 in the USA to examine the relationship between mental disorders and the use of complementary therapies. The sample of 14,985 included those reporting psychologi￾cal distress or mental health service use in addition to non-distressed nonusers. Analysis of the 9585 com￾pleted interviews indicated a high rate of use of com￾plementary therapies in adults who met criteria for common psychiatric disorders. 22.4% of respondents who met the criteria for major depression had used complementary and alternative medicine during the past 12 months. A similar survey of a nationally repre￾sentative sample of 2055 respondents revealed that 7.2% reported suffering from bsevere depressionQ (Kessler et al., 2001). A total of 53.6% of those with severe depression reported using complementary and alterna￾tive medicine for treatment in the past 12 months. A trend towards increasing use of complementary therapies among people with major depression was demonstrated by a study conducted in Canada (Wang et al., 2001). Analysis of data from the National Population Health Surveys indicated that the preva￾lence of use in those with major depression was 7.8% (19.4% including chiropractic) in 1994–1995 and 12.9% (23.8% including chiropractic) in 1996–1997. Finally, the findings of a recent Australian postal 14 K. Pilkington et al. / Journal of Affective Disorders 89 (2005) 13–24