(②)万能车床 3) (④)立式车床 6)自动车床 (6)特殊车床 to constru g the mmonly used rer imciplo of opeteolth elements of a e.which is sho 11 虽然车床类的机床多种多样，但它们在结构和操作原理上具有共同特性。这些特性可以通过普通车床这 最常用的代表性类型来最好地说明。下面是关于图1山，1所示普通车床的主要部分的描述。 Lathe bed.The lathe bed is the main frame,involving a horizontal beam on two vertical supports. It is usually made of grey or nodular cast iron to damp vibrations and is made by casting. 车床床身：车床床身是包含了在两个垂直支柱上水平横梁的主骨架。为减振它一般由灰铸铁或球思铸铁钱 造而成。 It has guideways to allow the carriage to slide easily lengthwise.The height of the lathe bed should be appropriate to enable the technician to do his or her job easily and comfortably. 它上面有能让大拖板轻易纵向滑动的导轨。车床床身的高度应适当以让技师容易而舒适地工作。 Headstock.The headstock is fixed at the left hand side of the lathe bed and includes the spindle whose axis is parallel to the guideways (the slide surface of the bed).The spindle is driven through the gearbox, which is housed within the headstock 主轴箱：主轴箱固定在车床床身的左侧，它包括轴线平行于导轨的主轴。主轴通过装在主轴箱内的齿轮箱 驱动。 me modern lathes have ,电力或液压驱动的 is it has a th h hole extending lengthwise.Bar stocks can be fed th alays hollow,.e.. 主轴往往是中空的，即纵向有 通到 Also,that hole has 现连续生，棒料能通过此孔进给 pindle is threaded to allow tain la of a the lik The outer surface of the 同时，此孔为锥形表面可以安装普通车床顶尖。主轴外表面是螺纹可以安装卡盘、花盘或类似的装置。 Tailstock.The tailstock assembly consists basically of three parts,its lower base,an rts.its lower base intermediate par and the auill The lo asting that ca ng the guideways,and it has a clamping device to enable locking the entire tailstock at any desired location. depending upon the length of the workpiece. 尾架：尾架总成基本包括三部分，底座、尾架体和套筒轴。底座是能在车床床身上沿导轨滑动的铸件，它 有一定位装置能让整个尾架根据工件长度锁定在任何需要位置。 The intermediate part is a casting that can be moved transversely to enable alignment of the axis of the tailstock with that of the headstock.The third part,the quill,is a hardened steel tube,which can be moved longitudinally in and out of the intermediate part as required. 尾架体为一能横向运动的铸件，它可以调整尾架轴线与主轴箱轴线成一直线。第三部分，套筒轴是一淬硬钢管，它 能根据需要在尾架体中纵向进出移动。 This is achieved through the use of a handwheel and a screw,around which a nut fixed to the quill is engaged.The hole in the open side of the quill is tapered to enable mounting of lathe centers or other tools like twist drills or boring bars.The quill can be locked at any point along its travel path by means of a clamping device 这通过使用手轮和螺杆来 螺杆啮合的是 一固接在套筒轴上的螺母。套筒轴开口端的孔是锥形的，能安装 床顶尖或诸如麻花钻和镗杆之类的工具。套筒轴通过定位装置能沿着它的移动路径被锁定在任何点。 列 5 (2)万能车床 (3)转塔车床 (4)立式车床 (5)自动车床 (6)特殊车床 In spite of that diversity of lathe-type machine tools, they all have common features with respect to construction and principle of operation. These features can best be illustrated by considering the commonly used representative type, the engine lathe. Following is a description of each of the main elements of an engine lathe, which is shown in Fig.11.1. 虽然车床类的机床多种多样，但它们在结构和操作原理上具有共同特性。这些特性可以通过普通车床这一 最常用的代表性类型来最好地说明。下面是关于图 11.1 所示普通车床的主要部分的描述。 Lathe bed. The lathe bed is the main frame, involving a horizontal beam on two vertical supports. It is usually made of grey or nodular cast iron to damp vibrations and is made by casting. 车床床身：车床床身是包含了在两个垂直支柱上水平横梁的主骨架。为减振它一般由灰铸铁或球墨铸铁铸 造而成。 It has guideways to allow the carriage to slide easily lengthwise. The height of the lathe bed should be appropriate to enable the technician to do his or her job easily and comfortably. 它上面有能让大拖板轻易纵向滑动的导轨。车床床身的高度应适当以让技师容易而舒适地工作。 Headstock. The headstock is fixed at the left hand side of the lathe bed and includes the spindle whose axis is parallel to the guideways (the slide surface of the bed). The spindle is driven through the gearbox, which is housed within the headstock. 主轴箱：主轴箱固定在车床床身的左侧，它包括轴线平行于导轨的主轴。主轴通过装在主轴箱内的齿轮箱 驱动。 The function of the gearbox is to provide a number of different spindle speeds (usually 6 up to 18 speeds). Some modern lathes have headstocks with infinitely variable spindle speeds, which employ frictional ,electrical ,or hydraulic drives. 齿轮箱的功能是给主轴提供若干不同的速度(通常是 6 到 18 速)。有些现代车床具有采用摩擦、电力或液压驱动的 无级调速主轴箱。 The spindle is always hollow, i. e., it has a through hole extending lengthwise. Bar stocks can be fed through that hole if continuous production is adopted. 主轴往往是中空的，即纵向有一通孔。如果采取连续生产，棒料能通过此孔进给。 Also, that hole has a tapered surface to allow mounting a plain lathe center. The outer surface of the spindle is threaded to allow mounting of a chuck, a face plate, or the like. 同时，此孔为锥形表面可以安装普通车床顶尖。主轴外表面是螺纹可以安装卡盘、花盘或类似的装置。 Tailstock. The tailstock assembly consists basically of three parts, its lower base, an intermediate part, and the quill. The lower base is a casting that can slide on the lathe bed along the guideways, and it has a clamping device to enable locking the entire tailstock at any desired location, depending upon the length of the workpiece. 尾架：尾架总成基本包括三部分，底座、尾架体和套筒轴。底座是能在车床床身上沿导轨滑动的铸件，它 有一定位装置能让整个尾架根据工件长度锁定在任何需要位置。 The intermediate part is a casting that can be moved transversely to enable alignment of the axis of the tailstock with that of the headstock. The third part, the quill, is a hardened steel tube, which can be moved longitudinally in and out of the intermediate part as required. 尾架体为一能横向运动的铸件，它可以调整尾架轴线与主轴箱轴线成一直线。第三部分，套筒轴是一淬硬钢管，它 能根据需要在尾架体中纵向进出移动。 This is achieved through the use of a handwheel and a screw, around which a nut fixed to the quill is engaged. The hole in the open side of the quill is tapered to enable mounting of lathe centers or other tools like twist drills or boring bars. The quill can be locked at any point along its travel path by means of a clamping device. 这通过使用手轮和螺杆来达到，与螺杆啮合的是一固接在套筒轴上的螺母。套筒轴开口端的孔是锥形的，能安装车 床顶尖或诸如麻花钻和镗杆之类的工具。套筒轴通过定位装置能沿着它的移动路径被锁定在任何点