REPORTS and figs. SI to S13), population pl Mantel test confirms the correlation between lin- 0.005 with 10.0 (Fig. I and figs. S27 and S28), and PCa guistic and genetic affinities(R=0. 253: P<0.0001 identified eight (Fig. 2)all show that populations from the with 10,000 permutations), even after controlling and genetic affinities are inconsistent [Affymetrix same linguistic group tend to cluster together. a for geography (partial correlation= 0.136: P Melanesian(AX-ME), Malaysia-Jehai (MY-JH) n Latitude Longitude Ethnicity K=14 10 ean +mn32 ee ngapoi Cantonese 20 1 al kort tai keri一 Tai Yuan Tai Yuan 2492 Plang ng NWI Lawa LAwa aland aren and 19 embark dongsi 四pPPPP Mamanwa negrito A旧 M工 Batak KaroBatak I ID-DY Minangkabau分 s0mm111题 Yynm MY-BD I MY-TM Malaysia Proto-Malay Temuan Negrito R#十m由 ndia origin Tamil Upper.casteBengali European English Fig. 1. Maximum-likelihood tree of 75 populations. a hypothetical most- population IDs except the four HapMap samples are denoted by four recent common ancestor(MRCA)composed of ancestral alleles as inferred characters. The first two letters indicate the country where the samples from the genotypes of one gorilla and 21 chimpanzees was used to root the were collected or(in the case of Affymetrix) genotyped, according to the tree. Branches with bootstrap values less than 50% were condensed. following convention: AX, Affymetrix; CN, China; ID, Indonesia; IN, India: Population identification numbers(IDs), sample collection locations with JP, Japan; KR, Korea; MY, Malaysia; PL, the Philippines: SG, Singapore; TH atitudes and longitudes, ethnicities, Language spoken, and size of pop- Thailand; and TW, Taiwan. The last two letters are unique IDs for the ulation samples are shown in the table adjacent to each branch in the tree. population. To the right of the table, an averaged graph of results from Linguistic groups are indicated with colors as shown in the legend. All STRUCTURE is shown for K= 14 1542 11DecemBer2009Vol326scIencEwww.sciencemag.org(Fig. 1 and figs. S1 to S13), population phy￾logenies (Fig. 1 and figs. S27 and S28), and PCA results (Fig. 2) all show that populations from the same linguistic group tend to cluster together. A Mantel test confirms the correlation between lin￾guistic and genetic affinities (R2 = 0.253; P < 0.0001 with 10,000 permutations), even after controlling for geography (partial correlation = 0.136; P < 0.005 with 10,000 permutations). Nevertheless, we identified eight population outliers whose linguistic and genetic affinities are inconsistent [Affymetrix￾Melanesian (AX-ME), Malaysia-Jehai (MY-JH) Fig. 1. Maximum-likelihood tree of 75 populations. A hypothetical most￾recent common ancestor (MRCA) composed of ancestral alleles as inferred from the genotypes of one gorilla and 21 chimpanzees was used to root the tree. Branches with bootstrap values less than 50% were condensed. Population identification numbers (IDs), sample collection locations with latitudes and longitudes, ethnicities, language spoken, and size of pop￾ulation samples are shown in the table adjacent to each branch in the tree. Linguistic groups are indicated with colors as shown in the legend. All population IDs except the four HapMap samples are denoted by four characters. The first two letters indicate the country where the samples were collected or (in the case of Affymetrix) genotyped, according to the following convention: AX, Affymetrix; CN, China; ID, Indonesia; IN, India; JP, Japan; KR, Korea; MY, Malaysia; PI, the Philippines; SG, Singapore; TH, Thailand; and TW, Taiwan. The last two letters are unique IDs for the population. To the right of the table, an averaged graph of results from STRUCTURE is shown for K = 14. 1542 11 DECEMBER 2009 VOL 326 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org REPORTS