Women were also asked about their experience with sexual victimization. It should be noted, however, that this issue is highly sensitive in some cultural settings. An additional complication results from different cultural perceptions of sexually offensive behaviour and from differences in the propensity to report it for the survey, as well as to the authorities Women in Poland, Canada, Finland, Germany and particularly African cities reported the highest levels of risk, al though the effects of overreporting should not be disregarded. Corruption and consumer fraud Corruption is a ubiquitous problem, al though in the 1992 survey corruption was dealt with only in developing countries and countries of Central and Eastern Europe. There was a serious problem of corruption in developin countries in particular, in which it was one of the commonest forms of citizen victimization. It was also frequently reported in Georgia and Moscow. Consumers were cheated and badly treated in particular at Dar es Salaam, Tunis, Moscow and in cities of Georgia and the former Czechoslovakia. Both forms of victimization appear to indicate a lack of consumer and client protection and to reflect the ways in which people go about, or are made to go about, satisfying their needs and rights. On average, consumer fraud rates were much lower in developed countries. A noted in World Development Report 1991, this can be explained by patterns of behaviour which are adapted to market needs and which influence transactions costs: Only after markets become established, when transactions become regular and competition increases, do traders have an incentive to establish and maintain their reputation not only because sanctions are administered more efficiently, but also because a good reputation reduces transaction costsWomen were also asked about their experience with sexual victimization. It should be noted, however, that this issue is highly sensitive in some cultural settings. An additional complication results from different cultural perceptions of sexually offensive behaviour and from differences in the propensity to report it for the survey, as well as to the authorities. Women in Poland, Canada, Finland, Germany and particularly African cities reported the highest levels of risk, although the effects of overreporting and underreporting should not be disregarded. Corruption and consumer fraud Corruption is a ubiquitous problem, although in the 1992 survey corruption was dealt with only in developing countries and countries of Central and Eastern Europe. There was a serious problem of corruption in developing countries in particular, in which it was one of the commonest forms of citizen victimization. It was also frequently reported in Georgia and Moscow. Consumers were cheated and badly treated in particular at Dar es Salaam, Tunis, Moscow and in cities of Georgia and the former Czechoslovakia. Both forms of victimization appear to indicate a lack of consumer and client protection and to reflect the ways in which people go about, or are made to go about, satisfying their needs and rights. On average, consumer fraud rates were much lower in developed countries. As noted in World Development Report 1991, this can be explained by patterns of behaviour which are adapted to market needs and which influence transactions costs: "Only after markets become established, when transactions become regular and competition increases, do traders have an incentive to establish and maintain their reputation not only because sanctions are administered more efficiently, but also because a good reputation reduces transaction costs