Universal instantiation (Ul) Every instantiation of a universally quantified sentence is entailed by it: ∀va Subst([v/g},a) for any variable v and ground term g ·E.g.,∀k King(x)Greedy(x)→Evil(x)yields: King(John)Greedy(John)Evil(John) King(Richard)Greedy(Richard)=Evil(Richard) Universal instantiation (UI) • Every instantiation of a universally quantified sentence is entailed by it: • v α Subst({v/g}, α) for any variable v and ground term g • E.g., x King(x)  Greedy(x)  Evil(x) yields: • • King(John)  Greedy(John)  Evil(John) King(Richard)  Greedy(Richard)  Evil(Richard) King(Father(John))  Greedy(Father(John))  Evil(Father(John))