Hop-By-Hop vs. End-to-End Layers HostA communicates with Host d Host c Hosta Host D Router 1 Router 2 马 router 3 Router 5 Host b E.g., Http over/tcp oveR Ip Router 7 HostE Router 6 Router 4 Same Network/Transport /Application Layers (3/4/7) (Routers ignore Transport Application layers)Hop-By-Hop vs. End-to-End Layers Host B Router 4 Host E Host D Router 2 Router 3 Router 5 Router 6 Router 7 HostAcommunicates with Host D Host C HostA Router 1 E.g., HTTP over TCP over IP Same Network / Transport /Application Layers (3/4/7) (Routers ignore Transport&Application layers) 25