fter shee Upper deck o orward side Summer load waterline of stem After side of rudder post or centre line of rudder pintles bulbous bow length between perpendiculars(L Length on waterline Fig 1 The mid point of the length between perpendiculars is calledamidships'and the ship is usually broadest at this point. The breadth is measured at this position and the breadth most commonly used is called the breadth moulded. It may be defined simply as the distance from the inside of plating on one side to a simi lar point on the other side measured at the broadest part of the ship As is the case in the length between perpendiculars, the breadth moulded dose not represent the greatest breadth the breadth extreme is required(see Figure 2 ) In many ships the breadth extreme is the breadth moulded plus the thickness of the shell plating where the strakes of shell plating were overlapped the breadth extreme was equal to the breadth moulded plus four thicknesses of shell plating, but in the case of modern welded ships the extra breadth consists of two thicknesses of shell plating only The breadth extreme may be much greater than this in some ships, since it is the distance from the extre overhang on one side of the ship to a similar point on the other side. This distance would include the overhang of decks, a feature which is sometimes found in passenger ships in order to provide additional deck area. It would be measured over fenders, which are sometimes fitted to ships such as cross channel vessels which have to operate and out of port under their own power and have fenders provided to protect the sides of the ships when coming ⊥ Breadth extreme Inside of pla ting pBreadth The mid point of the length between perpendiculars is called ‘amidships’and the ship is usually broadest at this point. The breadth is measured at this position and the breadth most commonly used is called the ‘breadth moulded’. It may be defined simply as the distance from the inside of plating on one side to a similar point on the other side measured at the broadest part of the ship. As is the case in the length between perpendiculars, the breadth moulded dose not represent the greatest breadth the breadth extreme is required (see Figure 2 ). In many ships the breadth extreme is the breadth moulded plus the thickness of the shell plating where the strakes of shell plating were overlapped the breadth extreme was equal to the breadth moulded plus four thicknesses of shell plating, but in the case of modern welded ships the extra breadth consists of two thicknesses of shell plating only. The breadth extreme may be much greater than this in some ships, since it is the distance from the extreme overhang on one side of the ship to a similar point on the other side. This distance would include the overhang of decks, a feature which is sometimes found in passenger ships in order to provide additional deck area. It would be measured over fenders, which are sometimes fitted to ships such as cross channel vessels which have to operate in and out of port under their own power and have fenders provided to protect the sides of the ships when coming alongside quays