Acquiring Editor:Todd Green Development Editor:Nate McFadden Project Manager:Jessica Vaughan Designer:Eric DeCicco Morgan Kaufmnann is an imprint of Elsevier 225 Wyman Street,Waltham,MA 02451,USA 2012 Elsevier,Inc.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical,including photocopying,recording,or any information storage and retrieval system,without permission in writing from the publisher.Details on how to seek permission,further information about the Publisher's permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency,can be found at our website:www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing.As new research and experience broaden our understanding,changes in research methods or professional practices,may become necessary.Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information or methods described herein.In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others,including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law,neither the Publisher nor the authors,contributors,or editors,assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability,negligence or otherwise,or from any use or operation of any methods,products,instructions,or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Patterson,David A. Computer organization and design:the hardware/software interface David A.Patterson,John L.Hennessy.-4th ed. p.cm.-(The Morgan Kaufmann series in computer architecture and design) Rev.ed.of:Computer organization and design/John L.Hennessy,David A.Patterson.1998. Summary:"Presents the fundamentals of hardware technologies,assembly language,computer arithmetic,pipelining, memory hierarchies and I/O"-Provided by publisher. ISBN978-0-12-374750-1(pbk) 1.Computer organization.2.Computer engineering.3.Computer interfaces.I.Hennessy,John L.II.Hennessy,John L. Computer organization and design.III.Title. QA76.9.C643H462011 004.22dc23 2011029199 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN:978-0-12-374750-1 For information on all MK publications visit our website at www.mkp.com Printed in the United States of America 1213141516 1098765432 Working together to grow libraries in developing countries www.elsevier.com www.bookaid.org www.sabre.org ELSEVIER BOOK AID International Sabre FoundationAcquiring Editor: Todd Green Development Editor: Nate McFadden Project Manager: Jessica Vaughan Designer: Eric DeCicco Morgan Kaufmann is an imprint of Elsevier 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA © 2012 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods or professional practices, may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information or methods described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Patterson, David A. Computer organization and design: the hardware/software interface / David A. Patterson, John L. Hennessy. — 4th ed. p. cm. — (The Morgan Kaufmann series in computer architecture and design) Rev. ed. of: Computer organization and design / John L. Hennessy, David A. Patterson. 1998. Summary: “Presents the fundamentals of hardware technologies, assembly language, computer arithmetic, pipelining, memory hierarchies and I/O”— Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-0-12-374750-1 (pbk.) 1. Computer organization. 2. Computer engineering. 3. Computer interfaces. I. Hennessy, John L. II. Hennessy, John L. Computer organization and design. III. Title. QA76.9.C643H46 2011 004.2´2—dc23 2011029199 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-0-12-374750-1 Printed in the United States of America 12 13 14 15 16 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 For information on all MK publications visit our website at www.mkp.com