are trying to connect to requires a username and password, you can do so in the following format ftp//username:password@ftp.somedomain.com It is recommended when you do connect with a username and a password that you do not put the password in as well, otherwise it will show up in your browser's history. Instead do this ftp/username@ftp.somedomain.com This way your browser will prompt you for a password and you do not have to worry about being stored in your history list, which can potentially be a security risk The other method is to use an FTP Client that is designed specifically to connect to FTP servers. These types of software are generally the best as they have been streamlined for speed and support a lot of the advanced features like automatic resume. You should browse through the list of FTP Clients and find one you like 3. How to Transfer Files Whether you are connected to an FTP server via your web browser or an FTP client, you will be presented with a list of folders and documents that have files you can download to your computer. If you are using a web browser, you will click on the file you would like to download and it will prompt you to save it or open it Unless you really know what it is you are downloading, you should save it to a directory that you will know how to find later, and open it from there If you are using an FTP Client, you will be presented a list of the files that you can download. You should first specify where you would like downloads to save to, and then you can double click on the file to start the download. When you are done downloading, you can shut the FTP client and open the file from where it was stored 3.3 TCP/IP In the two decades since their invention, the heterogeneity of networks has expanded further with the deployment of Ethernet, Token Ring, Fiber Distributed Data Interface(FDDD),X2 Frame Relay, Switched Multimegabit Data Service(SMDS), Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), and most recently, Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM). The Internet protocols are the best proven approach to internetworking this diverse range of LAN and WAN technologigggd e) The Internet protocol suite includes not only lower-level specifications(such as TCP but specifications for such common applications as electronic mail, terminal emulation, and file transfer. Figure I shows some of the more important Internet protocols and their relationship to the OSI Reference Model The Internet protocols are the most widely implemented multivendor protocol suite in use oday. Support for at least part of the Internet protocol suite is available from virtually every computer vendor 3.3.1TCP TCP is a connection-oriented transport protocol that sends data as an unstructured stream of bytes. By using sequence numbers and acknowledgment messages, TCP can provide a sending node with delivery information about packets transmitted to a destination node. Where data has been lost in transit from source to destination, TCP can retransmit the data until either a timeout condition is reached or until successful delivery has been achieved. TCP can also recognize duplicate messages and will discard them appropriately. If the sending computer is transmitting too fast for the receiving computer, TCP can employ flow control mechanisms to slow data transfer. TCP can also communicate delivery information to the upper-layer protocols and applications it supportsare trying to connect to requires a username and password, you can do so in the following format: ftp://username:password@ftp.somedomain.com. It is recommended when you do connect with a username and a password that you do not put the password in as well, otherwise it will show up in your browser's history. Instead do this: ftp://username@ftp.somedomain.com This way your browser will prompt you for a password and you do not have to worry about it being stored in your history list, which can potentially be a security risk. The other method is to use an FTP Client that is designed specifically to connect to FTP servers. These types of software are generally the best as they have been streamlined for speed and support a lot of the advanced features like automatic resume. You should browse through the list of FTP Clients and find one you like. 3. How to Transfer Files Whether you are connected to an FTP server via your web browser or an FTP client, you will be presented with a list of folders and documents that have files you can download to your computer. If you are using a web browser, you will click on the file you would like to download and it will prompt you to save it or open it. Unless you really know what it is you are downloading, you should save it to a directory that you will know how to find later, and open it from there. If you are using an FTP Client, you will be presented a list of the files that you can download. You should first specify where you would like downloads to save to, and then you can double click on the file to start the download. When you are done downloading, you can shut the FTP client and open the file from where it was stored. 3.3 TCP/IP In the two decades since their invention, the heterogeneity of networks has expanded further with the deployment of Ethernet, Token Ring, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), X.25, Frame Relay, Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS), Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), and most recently, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). The Internet protocols are the best proven approach to internetworking this diverse range of LAN and WAN technologies. The Internet protocol suite includes not only lower-level specifications (such as TCP and IP), but specifications for such common applications as electronic mail, terminal emulation, and file transfer. Figure 1 shows some of the more important Internet protocols and their relationship to the OSI Reference Model. The Internet protocols are the most widely implemented multivendor protocol suite in use today. Support for at least part of the Internet protocol suite is available from virtually every computer vendor. 3.3.1 TCP TCP is a connection-oriented transport protocol that sends data as an unstructured stream of bytes. By using sequence numbers and acknowledgment messages, TCP can provide a sending node with delivery information about packets transmitted to a destination node. Where data has been lost in transit from source to destination, TCP can retransmit the data until either a timeout condition is reached or until successful delivery has been achieved. TCP can also recognize duplicate messages and will discard them appropriately. If the sending computer is transmitting too fast for the receiving computer, TCP can employ flow control mechanisms to slow data transfer. TCP can also communicate delivery information to the upper-layer protocols and applications it supports